{"slug": "iconoclasm", "label": "Iconoclasm", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181543", "qid": "Q181543", "description": "avoidance or destruction of religious, political or cultural icons", "entries": 8, "years": 8, "span": [391, 1602], "span_label": ["391 CE", "1602 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "eastern-orthodox-church", "label": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "religion", "label": "Religion", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-gregory-ii", "label": "Pope Gregory II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantine-v", "label": "Constantine V", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "political-mutilation-in-byzantine-culture", "label": "Political mutilation in Byzantine culture", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cappadocia", "label": "Cappadocia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jesus", "label": "Jesus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis. The \"Order of Monks\" known as the Parabalani take charge of patrolling the streets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Religion", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. Many monks flee to Greece and Italy (taking smaller icons with them, hidden in their clothing); others flee to the caves of the Cappadocian desert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Religion", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Religion", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Constantine V defeats his brother-in-law Artabasdos, who has led a two-year insurrection in an attempt to usurp the Byzantine throne. He heads for Constantinople, and captures the capital three months later. Artabasdos and his son Niketas are publicly blinded, and relegated to the monastery of Chora. Constantine renews his policy of Iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Second Council of Nicaea: Empress Irene restores the veneration of icons (images of Christ and saints). This is a major victory of the monks, who will advance extensive claims to complete freedom for the Eastern Orthodox Church in religious matters. This ends the iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Religion", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Armeniac Theme, located in northeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey), revolts against Empress Irene, and declares the 19-year-old Constantine VI sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Other themes follow its example, and imprison their strategoi. Constantine sends his iconoclast general Michael Lachanodrakon, to ensure that the Armeniacs (his closest supporters) take an oath. Irene is confined and imprisoned in her palace at Constantinople; all her eunuchs are exiled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Feast of Orthodoxy – Official end of Iconoclasm: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Religion", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The iconoclast and Confucian scholar Li Zhi commits suicide while in a Chinese prison, during the late Ming dynasty; he had taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given equal opportunity in education; he was charged with spreading \"dangerous ideas\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#Date_unknown", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}