{"slug": "illyria", "label": "Illyria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32047", "qid": "Q32047", "description": "classical region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula", "entries": 43, "years": 41, "span": [-384, 1097], "span_label": ["385 BCE", "1097 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 23}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "philip-v-of-macedon", "label": "Philip V of Macedon", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "apollonia-illyria", "label": "Apollonia (Illyria)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "durres", "label": "Durrës", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "adriatic-sea", "label": "Adriatic Sea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alexander-the-great", "label": "Alexander the Great", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "robert-guiscard", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bohemond-i-of-antioch", "label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "corcyra", "label": "Corcyra", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -384, "year_label": "385 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bardyllis becomes king of Illyria and the Dardani and establishes the Bardyllian Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1248865885#Greece", "title": "385 BC", "revid": 1248865885, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "On the death of the Macedonian King Amyntas III, his eldest son Alexander II becomes king. The young king is simultaneously faced with an Illyrian invasion from the north-west and an attack from the east by the pretender of the Macedonian throne, Pausanias (who quickly captures several cities and threatens the queen mother, Eurydice). Alexander defeats his enemies with the help of the Athenian general Iphicrates, who has been sailing along the Macedonian coast on the way to recapture Amphipolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As the Illyrians attack the Molossians, the Molossian king Arymbas brings his non-combatant people to safety elsewhere. When the Illyrians have finished looting, they are burdened with booty and are thus easily defeated by the Molossians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Greece", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -358, "year_label": "359 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Macedonian King Perdiccas III is killed while defending his country against an Illyrian attack led by King Bardylis. He is succeeded by his infant son, Amyntas IV. The child's uncle, Philip II, assumes the regency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296027918#Macedonia", "title": "359 BC", "revid": 1296027918, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bardyllis, Illyrian king (killed in battle by Phillip of Macedon) (b. c. 448 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Deaths", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -335, "year_label": "336 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns; but his position as heir is tenuous.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172867#Macedonia", "title": "336 BC", "revid": 1354172867, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Returning to Macedonia by way of Delphi (where the Pythian priestess acclaims him \"invincible\"), King Alexander III of Macedonia advances into Thrace in order to secure the Danube as the northern boundary of the Macedonian kingdom. After forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, he crosses the Danube to disperse the Getae. Turning west, he then defeats and shatters a coalition of Illyrians who are invading Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Greece", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -270, "year_label": "271 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three \"shackles\" of Hellas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482485#Greece", "title": "271 BC", "revid": 1370482485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Agron, king of the Ardiaean Kingdom (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Births", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius II, king of Macedonia, seeks military help from Agron, king of Illyria, a loosely organized state on the Adriatic coast north of Epirus, against the advancing Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as the victor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Greece", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agron, king of the Ardiaean Kingdom (Western Balkans)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Deaths", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Greece", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Illyrian War started when the Roman Senate dispatched an army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus to Illyria. Rome forced the withdrawal of Illyrian garrisons in the Greek cities of Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra and Pharos and establishes a protectorate over these Greek towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Illyria", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Illyrian queen Teuta's governor, Demetrius of Pharos has little alternative but to surrender to the overwhelming Roman force. In return, the Romans award him a considerable part of Teuta's holdings to counter-balance the power of Teuta. Meanwhile, the Roman army lands further north at Apollonia. The combined Roman army and fleet proceed northward together, subduing one town after another and besieging Shkodra, the Illyrian capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Greece", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Teuta of Illyria finally surrenders to Roman forces and is forced by the Romans to accept an ignominious peace. The Romans allow her to continue her reign but restrict her to a narrow region around the Illyrian capital, Shkodra, deprive her of all her other territory, and forbid her to sail an armed ship below Lissus just south of the capital. They also require her to pay an annual tribute and to acknowledge the final authority of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Illyria", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus III dies during a battle against the Illyrians and is succeeded by his young cousin Philip V as King of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Greece", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Greece", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate sends the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus to Illyria with an army. On discovering Rome's intent, the Illyrian leader Demetrius of Pharos puts to death those Illyrians who oppose his rule, fortifies Dimale and goes to Pharos. After a seven-day siege by the Roman fleet under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, Dimale is taken by direct assault. From Dimale, the Roman navy heads to Pharos, where the Roman forces rout the Illyrians. Demetrius flees to Macedonia, where he becomes a trusted councilor at the court of King Philip V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Greece", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Learning of Hannibal's victory over the Romans at Lake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover his Illyrian kingdom from the Romans, Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises Philip V to make peace with the Aetolians, and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Philip, at once begins negotiations with the Aetolians. At a conference on the coast near Naupactus, Philip meets the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty is concluded, ending the three-year-long \"Social War\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Greece", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pinnes (also Pinneus or Pineus), son of Agron, king of Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Deaths", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Greece", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -213, "year_label": "214 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjosë) river, he besieges Apollonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637807#Greece", "title": "214 BC", "revid": 1325637807, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Illyria", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Greece", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Roman_Republic", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -176, "year_label": "177 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242433424#Roman_Republic", "title": "177 BC", "revid": 1242433424, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The king of Illyria, Gentius, is defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under Lucius Anicius Gallus and then brought to Rome as a captive to be interned in Iguvium. This loss removes Illyria as an important ally for Macedonia and effectively weakens Perseus of Macedon in his battle with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Albania", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Albania"}}, {"year": -154, "year_label": "155 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As part of the Roman efforts to fully conquer and occupy the whole of Illyria, a Roman army under consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum attacks the Dalmatians for the first time and conquers the Dalmatian capital of Delminium. As a result, the Dalmatians are compelled to pay tribute to Rome, which puts an end to the first Dalmatian war. In recognition of his victory, Corculum is granted a triumph in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370594154#Roman_Republic", "title": "155 BC", "revid": 1370594154, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -145, "year_label": "146 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gentius, the last king of Illyria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354349690#Deaths", "title": "146 BC", "revid": 1354349690, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -134, "year_label": "135 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Servius Fulvius Flaccus defeats an uprising of the Ardiaei in Illyria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288516858#Roman_Republic", "title": "135 BC", "revid": 1288516858, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -8, "year_label": "9 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pannonia is incorporated into the Roman Empire as a part of Illyria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 9 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 257, "year_label": "257 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187339#Roman_Empire", "title": "257", "revid": 1371187339, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 297, "year_label": "297 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349992933#Roman_Empire", "title": "297", "revid": 1349992933, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 422, "year_label": "422 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of the Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741789#Art", "title": "422", "revid": 1364741789, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Art", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Pulcheria is forced to marry and co-rule the Eastern Roman Empire. She gives the imperial diadem to the Illyrian (or Thracian) officer and senator Marcian, age 58, and is crowned as empress in the Hippodrome at Constantinople, in the first religious coronation ceremony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Byzantium", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Epidaurus (Dalmatia) is destroyed by the Avars and Slavic invaders. The Illyrian refugees flee to the nearby island Laus, where they found Dubrovnik (Ragusa). The islands of Rab, Krk and Cres become major food suppliers for the surviving cities of the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1081, "year_label": "1081 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos attempts to defend Illyria from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated by Guiscard, outside Dyrrhachium, the Byzantine capital city of Illyria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312347020#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1081", "revid": 1312347020, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Normans under Duke Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës) in Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave Greece to deal with an uprising in Italy. He leaves his son Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of Larissa. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000 Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Robert Guiscard returns with 150 warships in Illyria (modern Albania), and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian city-states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Europe", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon attack the Byzantine imperial palace at Blachernae. Norman forces led by Bohemond I join the Crusaders – he is not welcome in Constantinople because his father, Robert Guiscard, has invaded Illyria (territory belonging to the Byzantine Empire), and captured the cities of Dyrrhachium and Corfu (see 1084).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#First_Crusade", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}]}