{"slug": "india", "label": "India", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q668", "qid": "Q668", "description": "country in South Asia", "entries": 276, "years": 241, "span": [-2299, 2024], "span_label": ["2300 BCE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 82}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 46}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 33}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 28}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 20}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 20}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 11}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 8}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}], "related": [{"slug": "mughal-empire", "label": "Mughal Empire", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "rajasthan", "label": "Rajasthan", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "gupta-empire", "label": "Gupta Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "bangladesh", "label": "Bangladesh", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "chalukya-dynasty", "label": "Chalukya dynasty", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "rashtrakuta-dynasty", "label": "Rashtrakuta dynasty", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "andhra-pradesh", "label": "Andhra Pradesh", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "kerala", "label": "Kerala", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "chola-dynasty", "label": "Chola dynasty", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "nepal", "label": "Nepal", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "gujarat", "label": "Gujarat", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "karnataka", "label": "Karnataka", "shared": 6}], "items": [{"year": -2299, "year_label": "2300 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 2300 BC: Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) flourishing in modern-day eastern Pakistan - western India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895841#Events", "title": "23rd century BC", "revid": 1371895841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1749, "year_label": "1750 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "India had the biggest epic on earth - The Mahabharata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -326, "year_label": "327 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great invades northern India. Recrossing the Hindu Kush, Alexander divides his forces. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, are sent through the Khyber Pass, while Alexander leads the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. His advance through Swat and Gandhara is marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, a few miles west of the Indus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259124608#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "327 BC", "revid": 1259124608, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "On the left bank of the Hydaspes, Alexander fights his last great battle, the Battle of the Hydaspes River. He and his general Craterus defeat the Indian King Porus. Alexander founds two cities there, Alexandria on the Indus or Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Alexandria Bucephalous or Bucephala (named after his horse Bucephalus, which dies there); and Porus becomes his friend and ally.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers to have failed in their duties in his absence in India, particularly those who have plundered tombs and temples. Alexander continues his policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors. Over a third of his satraps are replaced and six are put to death. Three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who died in 326 BC), are accused of extortion and are arrested, tried and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Taxiles and Porus are to rule over their kingdoms in India;", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mauryan emperor Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I Nicator as he tries to invade India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#India", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ashoka, Indian emperor and ruler of the Maurya Empire in present-day Eastern India 268–232 BC (d. 232 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Births", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -302, "year_label": "303 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus I Nicator expands his kingdom throughout Persia as far east as India, but his advance is eventually halted by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of India. In a pact concluded by the two leaders, Seleucus agrees to territorial concessions in exchange for 500 war-trained elephants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172932#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "303 BC", "revid": 1354172932, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Mauryan sculpture Didarganj Yakshi holding a Fly Whisk, from Patna, Bihar in India, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the Patna Museum in Patna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#India", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": -243, "year_label": "244 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482239#Greece", "title": "244 BC", "revid": 1370482239, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ashoka, Indian emperor, who has ruled the Maurya Empire across the Indian subcontinent from 273 BC (b. 304 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#Deaths", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews his friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Persia", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Deaths", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Bactria", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Events › Greece › Bactria"}}, {"year": -125, "year_label": "126 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "To avoid the Xiongnu and Qiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact with Daxia (Bactria) via India, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through the Dian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213344030#China", "title": "126 BC", "revid": 1213344030, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -93, "year_label": "94 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Shakas start to control northwest India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139783#India", "title": "94 BC", "revid": 1305139783, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": -57, "year_label": "58 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Base year of the Vikrama Era, founded by Vikrama, king of Ujjain in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740578#Asia", "title": "58 BC", "revid": 1364740578, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -34, "year_label": "35 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completes the domination of the Scythians in northern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862738#India", "title": "35 BC", "revid": 1325862738, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": -25, "year_label": "26 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty, and rules over the eastern part of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369286058#Asia", "title": "26 BC", "revid": 1369286058, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who live in Bactria expand into India to create a Kushan Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#India", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 18, "year_label": "18 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#India", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 18 AD › India"}}, {"year": 52, "year_label": "52 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel; the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Indian Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East claim descent from him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#India", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 52 AD › India"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "India sees the end of the Hellenistic dynasties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Asia", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 78, "year_label": "78 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330207965#Asia", "title": "AD 78", "revid": 1330207965, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 96, "year_label": "96 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A schism in Buddhism creates a new, popular religion in India, Mahâyâna (\"Great Vehicle\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318964145#Religion", "title": "AD 96", "revid": 1318964145, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 104, "year_label": "104 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186542#Religion", "title": "AD 104", "revid": 1371186542, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 107, "year_label": "107 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "An Indian ambassador is received by Emperor Trajan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355232753#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 107", "revid": 1355232753, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 119, "year_label": "119 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Reign in Northern India by Nahapana, Scythian king. He attacks the kingdom of Andhra and annexes Southern Rajputana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326648#Asia", "title": "AD 119", "revid": 1330326648, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 120, "year_label": "120 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191850#Asia", "title": "AD 120", "revid": 1371191850, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 124, "year_label": "124 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330350231#Asia", "title": "AD 124", "revid": 1330350231, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 125, "year_label": "125 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188707#Asia", "title": "AD 125", "revid": 1371188707, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 130, "year_label": "130 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186549#Asia", "title": "AD 130", "revid": 1371186549, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 159, "year_label": "159 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni, as King Satavahana of Andhra, begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189754#India", "title": "AD 159", "revid": 1371189754, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 162, "year_label": "162 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Arrian, Greek historian and writer, publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301532#Art_and_Science", "title": "AD 162", "revid": 1371301532, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 174, "year_label": "174 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304491#Asia", "title": "AD 174", "revid": 1371304491, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 178, "year_label": "178 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins. The Sassanides take over Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305397#Asia", "title": "AD 178", "revid": 1371305397, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 189, "year_label": "189 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309450#Religion", "title": "AD 189", "revid": 1371309450, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 192, "year_label": "192 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310282#Religion", "title": "AD 192", "revid": 1371310282, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 219, "year_label": "219 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188900#India", "title": "219", "revid": 1371188900, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 232, "year_label": "232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191236#Religion", "title": "232", "revid": 1371191236, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 241, "year_label": "241 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Prince Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as ruler of the Sassanid Empire. He begins his expansion in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304577#Persia", "title": "241", "revid": 1371304577, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 274, "year_label": "274 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Mani, a sage of Persia, dies at Gundeshapur after 30 years of preaching his \"heresy\" at the court of the late Sassanian King Shapur I and on long journeys to Khorasan, India and China. He is executed or allowed to die in prison, and claims to be a prophet of God. Mani combines Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology, and his disciples gain wide support for Manichaeism, despite opposition from Roman Emperors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271086341#Religion", "title": "274", "revid": 1271086341, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 275, "year_label": "275 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Pallava dynasty begins in Southern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308801318#Asia", "title": "275", "revid": 1308801318, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Gupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#India", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Panchatantra, a Sanskrit collection of fables and fairy tales, is written in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Art_and_Science", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Wootz steel is developed in India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Asia", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Asia", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 345, "year_label": "345 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Merchant Knai Thomman and 400 followers visit the Malabar Coast in Kerala (India), and assist the church there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287502922#India", "title": "345", "revid": 1287502922, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 348, "year_label": "348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114391#Asia", "title": "348", "revid": 1367114391, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "In India, a new process makes possible the extraction of sugar from sugarcane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Art_and_Science", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Rudrasimha III, ruler of the Western Satraps (India), is defeated by the Gupta Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#India", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Asia", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 402, "year_label": "402 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visits the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326555519#Asia", "title": "402", "revid": 1326555519, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 406, "year_label": "406 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Faxian, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visits the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305888876#Asia", "title": "406", "revid": 1305888876, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kumaragupta I succeeds his father Chandragupta II as emperor of the Gupta Empire (India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Asia", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 414, "year_label": "414 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865369#Religion", "title": "414", "revid": 1346865369, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Chandragupta II, emperor of the Gupta Empire (India) (probable date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Deaths", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A center of Buddhist studies is established at Nalanda in Bihar on the plains of the Ganges River (India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Asia", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Nalanda University (India) is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Asia", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Hepthalites (White Huns) conquer the remnants of the Kushan Empire and enter India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Asia", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Ajanta Caves (India) are completed (cut into the volcanic rock and elaborately painted).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Art", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 467, "year_label": "467 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign, as the Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138919#Asia", "title": "467", "revid": 1360138919, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 467, "year_label": "467 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Skandagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138919#Deaths", "title": "467", "revid": 1360138919, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A statue of a Standing Buddha from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum in India (source states the creation date as 1st to 2nd century BCE).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Art", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 480, "year_label": "480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739995#Asia", "title": "480", "revid": 1364739995, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 525, "year_label": "525 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Buddhist caves are completed at Ajanta (India) with stone carvings (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792024#Religion", "title": "525", "revid": 1340792024, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 528, "year_label": "528 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yasodharman, Maharaja (\"great king\") of Malwa, defeats the Hun invaders under Mihirakula in central India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793729#Asia", "title": "528", "revid": 1340793729, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Vishnu Temple at Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (India) is built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Art", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pulakeshin I establishes the Chalukya dynasty in India. He extends his kingdom by conquering Vakataka and the west coast of Karnataka, giving him access to the valuable Arabian Sea trade routes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Asia", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Asia", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Asia", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pulakeshin I, king of the Chalukya dynasty (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Deaths", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Zhiyi, Chinese monk, travels to Mount Tiantai for intensive study and practice. He works with a group of disciples on the Indian meditation of śamatha and vipaśyanā.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Religion", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mangalesha becomes king of the Chalukya dynasty, after his brother Kirtivarman I dies. He rules as regent of Kirtivarman's son Pulakeshin II, and invades the territory of Khandesh and Gujarat (northwestern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Asia", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Kirtivarman I, king of the Chalukya dynasty (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Deaths", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Chaturanga is played in its current form in India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Asia", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Asia", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir (\"Heaven on Earth\") in northwestern India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Religion", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns to China after a 16-year pilgrimage to India. He is greeted with much honor by Emperor Taizong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Religion", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Religion", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Harsha, ruler of northern India, dies after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Asia", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Harsha, emperor of Harsha (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Deaths", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Battle of Chabuheluo: General Wang Xuance commands a combined Chinese, Nepalese, and Tibetan expedition into India. He ends up winning the battle and acquiring a Buddhist relic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#China", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Vikramaditya I of Chalukya defeats the Pallavan army in battle, and destroys its capital Kanchi (modern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Asia", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vikramaditya I, king of Chalukya (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Deaths", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Deaths", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 723, "year_label": "723 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Gunakamadeva, Lichhavi ruler (rajah), founds the city of Kathmandu (modern Nepal). During his reign, he transforms the agrarian society to an industrial city trading between India and Tibet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904987#Asia", "title": "723", "revid": 1364904987, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Jayshikhari Chavda establishes the Chavda dynasty in Gujarat (India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Asia", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Chinese forces under Gao Xianzhi (a Korean in Tang employ) defeat the Arabs and Tibetans, by rapid military expeditions over the Pamir Mountains and Hindu Kush. About 72 local Indian and Sogdian kingdoms become Tang vassals. Over the next two years he establishes complete control in East Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Asia", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Kailasa Temple is built on the orders of King Krishna I, of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (modern India) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Religion", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Khongtekcha, king of Manipur (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Deaths", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Khongtekcha of Manipur (modern India) dies after a 10-year reign; during his rule the Meitei language script first appears.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Asia", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Amoghavarsha I, king of Rashtrakuta (India) (d. 878)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Births", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II, and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Asia", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dantivarman, king of the Pallava Empire (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Deaths", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Krishna II, king of Rashtrakuta (India) (d. 914)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Births", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Maravarman Rajasimha II, king of Pandya, begins to rule. He is constantly at war with Chola (his overlord) and becomes the last ruler of the first Pandyan Empire (India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Asia", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The east coast of Africa is impacted by trade and Arab, Persian and Indian traders mix with the indigenous Bantu. Many of the coastal Bantu adopt Islam, reaching as far south as Sofala (Mozambique).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Commerce", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Deaths", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ratna Pala, king of Kamarupa (India) (d. 960)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Births", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Indra III, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 930, "year_label": "930 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Amoghavarsha II, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919313#Deaths", "title": "930", "revid": 1364919313, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Govinda IV, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Deaths", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mularaja, founder of the Chaulukya Dynasty, supplants the last Chavda ruler, Samanta-Simha, in Gujarat (modern India). He founds an independent kingdom with his capital in Anahilapataka (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Asia", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ranna, Kannada poet (India) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Births", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 955, "year_label": "955 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Parantaka I, ruler of Chola Kingdom (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512718#Deaths", "title": "955", "revid": 1341512718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arinjaya, king of the Chola Kingdom (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Deaths", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Ksemagupta dies of a fever after a hunting party. He is succeeded by his youngest son Abhimanyu II. Queen Didda, the widow of Ksemagupta, becomes regent and the de facto ruler of Kashmir (modern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Asia", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Butuga II, ruler of the Western Ganga Dynasty (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Deaths", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Aditya Chola II, co-regent of the Chola dynasty (modern India), is murdered and succeeded by Uttama. Due to his immaturity, Arunmozhi Varman becomes the heir apparent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Asia", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aditya Chola II, prince and ruler of the Chola dynasty (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Deaths", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Karka II, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Deaths", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Gommateshwara statue is built by Chavundaraya, minister and commander of the Ganga dynasty, in India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Asia", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty ends as its last ruler Indra IV commits Sallekhana (the Jain religious practice of voluntarily starving oneself to death).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Asia", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Indra IV, Rashtrakuta ruler (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Deaths", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Arabian_Empire", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Indra Pala, ruler of the Pala Dynasty (India) (b. 960)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Deaths", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ghazni: The Afghan prince Mahmud defeats his younger brother Ismail (the ruling emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, Sebuktigin, into the Punjab in northwestern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Persia", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Tamil Nadu (modern India), during the Chola Dynasty (Early Medieval period).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Art", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Didda, queen consort and regent of Kashmir (India)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Deaths", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1010, "year_label": "1010 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The construction of 217 ft (66 m) tall Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur (a city now in Tamil Nadu, India) is completed during the Chola dynasty, and at about this time the wall painting Rajaraja I and His Teacher", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373015431#Architecture", "title": "1010", "revid": 1373015431, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction starts on the Chennakeshava Temple (located on the Yagachi River) commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana at Belur in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Religion", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala) from the Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the Indian invaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Asia", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ghazni: Ghurid forces under Sayf al-Din Suri defeat the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram-Shah and capture the capital Ghazni. Bahram-Shah is forced to flee to India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1155, "year_label": "1155 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Jaisalmer Fort, located in the Indian state Rajasthan, is constructed by the Rajput ruler Rawal Jaisal (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359485841#Asia", "title": "1155", "revid": 1359485841, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Battle of Tarain: Sultan Muhammad of Ghor invades northern India, but is defeated by Rajput forces under Prithviraja III, ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army (some 100,000 men) with infantry, cavalry, and an elephant force. He repulses the Ghurid invasion near Taraori (some 70 miles of Delhi), Muhammad escapes the battlefield.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Asia", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Battle of Tarain in India: The Ghurid forces of Mu'izz al-Din are victorious over Prithviraj Chauhan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#Events", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Nataraja is completed, at Chidambaram in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Religion", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1206, "year_label": "1206 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Sultan Muhammad of Ghor is murdered and succeeded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, his deputy in India, who founds the Mamluk Dynasty, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267066460#Asia", "title": "1206", "revid": 1267066460, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, son-in-law of the former Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, becomes ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and quells the Hindu rebellions in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Asia", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kalinga Magha, from Kalinga Province in India, lands in Sri Lanka with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of Polonnaruwa and depose its king, Parakrama Pandya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Asia", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Asia"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muhammad II flees westwards across northern Iran, hoping to find safety in the rugged and isolated region of Mazandaran on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He is pursued by 20,000 Mongol forces led by Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). Abandoned by the remnants of his panic-stricken troops, Muhammad seeks shelter on a small island near Astara. There he dies of pleurisy some weeks later. He is succeeded by his son Jalal al-Din Mangburni, who is forced to flee to India after the Mongol invasion (see 1219).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1265, "year_label": "1265 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267064844#North_Africa_and_Asia", "title": "1265", "revid": 1267064844, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa and Asia"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The independent state of Kutch is founded, in present-day India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#Asia", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Asia"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Dnyaneshwari is written in India. This holy book is a commentary on the Bhagvad Gita and is narrated by Dnyaneshwar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Literature", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Exploration", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By topic › Exploration"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Daulatabad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Asia", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Siege of Chittorgarh: Delhi forces led by Sultan Alauddin Khalji capture the massive Chittor Fort in northern India, after an 8-month-long siege. Alauddin orders a general massacre of Chittor's population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#July–September", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – After the fall of the fortress of Siwana in India, Prince Sital Deva is ambushed while trying to flee to safety at Jalor. The soldiers decapitate Sital and present his head as a trophy to the Delhi Sultan, Alauddin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#October_–_December", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A great flood in the river Periyar in modern-day southern India leads to the river changing its course, the closing of Muziris, the opening up of Cochin (Kochi) harbour, submersion of some islands, and birth of some new islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Date_unknown", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1357, "year_label": "1357 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274989420#Date_unknown", "title": "1357", "revid": 1274989420, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy, as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (part of modern-day southern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#Date_unknown", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh, as ruler of Mewar (part of modern-day western India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#Date_unknown", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In modern-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#Date_unknown", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1366, "year_label": "1366 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361982215#Date_unknown", "title": "1366", "revid": 1361982215, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rao Biram Dev succeeds Rao Kanhadev as ruler of Marwar (the modern-day Jodhpur district of India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Date_unknown", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Mujahid Shah, ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate in what is now the Karnataka state in southern India, is assassinated by his uncle, Da'ud Shah, while traveling between Adoni and Kulbarga. Da'ud and three accomplices enter Mujahid's tent and stab him to death, after which Da'ud declares himself to be the new Sultan of Bahmani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#April–June", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Church of Koratty Muthy is established by Roman Catholic missionaries and local Christians on the Indian subcontinent at Koratty in the Venadu kingdom, now part of the Kerala state in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#October–December", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In India, Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Muhammad Shah III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#January–March", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#January–March", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#Date_unknown", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in modern-day southern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#Date_unknown", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1413, "year_label": "1413 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – At Srinagar, Ali Shah Miri becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir in modern-day India, succeeding upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357114633#April–June", "title": "1413", "revid": 1357114633, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#April–June", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – At Srinagar, in what is now India, Zayn al-Abidin, already the vizier (Wazir) of the Kashmir Sultanate, is crowned as the new Sultan after he overthrows his older brother, the Sultan Ali Shah Miri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#January–March", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – In India, Ahmad Shah I, the Sultan of Gujarat and his troops, camped at Sarangpur, resist a surprise counter-attack by the army of the Malwa Sultanate, led by the Sultan Hoshang Shah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#October–December", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – At Mandore (part of the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India), Rao Ranmal, King of Marwar is assassinated after becoming drunk during the festival of Diwali, when one of his wives, Bharmali, ties him up and opens his bedroom door to admit a team of assassins. Ranmal's son, Rao Jodha, becomes the new King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#October–December", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – In what is now the state of Karnataka in India, Prince Mallikarjuna Raya becomes the new Emperor of Vijayanagara upon the death of his father, Deva Raya II, and takes the name of Emperor Deva Raya III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#April–June", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1465, "year_label": "1465 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – In what is now the state of Rajasthan in northwest India, Prince Rao Bika departs from Jodhpur with 600 soldiers to conquer the territory of Jangladesh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370409749#July–September", "title": "1465", "revid": 1370409749, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Mahmud Gawan, the chief minister (peshwa) of India's Bahmani Kingdom (now in the state of Karnataka) is executed in Bidar on orders of the Sultan Muhammad Shah III Lashkari, after being falsely convicted of treason. The preparer of the forged document that led to Gawan's overthrow, Malik Hasan Bahri, becomes the new peshwa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#April–June", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1484, "year_label": "1484 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Muhammad Shah Mir becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir in India, succeeding Hasan Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346941150#April–June", "title": "1484", "revid": 1346941150, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1489, "year_label": "1489 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – At Jodhpur, in what is now the state of Rajasthan in India, Rao Satal becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar upon the death of his father, King Rao Jodha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757252#April–June", "title": "1489", "revid": 1364757252, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – At Junnar in what is now India's Maharashtra state, the Ahmadnagar Sultanate is established by Ahmad Nizam Shah, who leads a secession of his land from the Bahmani Kingdom and defeats the Bahmani General Jahangir Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#April–June", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1493, "year_label": "1493 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Columbus begins writing his first account of his voyage to the New World, titled \"Letter of Columbus, on the islands of India beyond the Ganges recently discovered\", an account later printed and sold throughout Europe. His reference to the Ganges river in India confirms that he thought he had reached Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631093#January–March", "title": "1493", "revid": 1371631093, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1496, "year_label": "1496 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – Led by Prince Prataparudra Deva, son of the Emperor Purushottama Deva, the Gajapati Empire (now India's state of Odisha) invades the Vijayanagara Empire (now the Karnataka state) and its armies advance as far as the Penna River, where they are stopped by a force commanded by the Vijayanagara sultan Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, and are turned back.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631969#October–December", "title": "1496", "revid": 1371631969, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – The siege of Cochin in India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#July–September", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Travelling to India, a group of Portuguese explorers led by Francisco de Almeida, with 22 ships and 1,500 men, sack the city-state of Kilwa in East Africa, killing the Emir Abraham for failing to pay tribute. Almeida installs Mohammed Ankoni as the new ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#July–September", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle at Madras (now Chennai) in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – The Mughal–Rajput wars begin in India between the Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire and states of the Rajput Confederacy, with the victory of the Rajput faction at the Battle of Bayana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#January–March", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#January–March", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#January–March", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#July–September", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – In India, Sher Shah Suri, who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – In India, Maldeo Rathore, King of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by Mughal Emperor and Afghan Shah Sher Shah Suri into departing from Jodhpur. The Battle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#January–March", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The elaborate Tomb of Sher Shah Suri is completed in Sasaram, three months after Sher Shah's death, in what is now India's Bihar state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#July–September", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Bharmal becomes the new raja of the Kingdom of Amber, in territory now occupied by India's Rajasthan state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, Askaran, Raja of Narwar, who had reigned for only 16 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#April–June", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – In India, Timmaraja Wodeyar II becomes the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire), after the death of his father, the Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#January–March", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Adil Shah Suri becomes the Sultan of the Sur Empire at Delhi in India after Sikandar Shah Suri is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#April–June", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – In India, Sikandar Shah Suri, Sultan of the Sur Empire in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at Mau in the Nurpur kingdom (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General Bairam Khan allows Sikandar to live in exile in Bihar, while Bakht Mal, Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at Lahore and later beheaded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#July–September", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – In India, the Battle of Thanesar is fought in what becomes the state of Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#April–June", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – In what is now the state of Kerala in India, the Siege of Chaliyam begins as the Zamorin of Kozhikode, Mana Vikrama, sends troops to starve out the Portuguese Empire's Chale fortress. The Portuguese defender, Dom Jorge de Castro, is allowed to surrender the fort in November and the Portuguese are allowed to march out of the fort. De Castro is executed by the Portuguese Governor-General after returning to Portuguese controlled Goa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#July–September", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – In what is now the Rajasthan state in India, Maharana Pratap is crowned as the new Rana of Mewar at the Kingdom's capital at Udaipur after the death of his father, Udai Singh II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#January–March", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#July–September", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – In India, the city of Allahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of Uttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress by Akbar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#October–December", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, the prime minister for India's Mughal Emperor Akbar, is assassinated at Narwar as part of a plot by Emperor Akbar's son, Prince Salim, who will later succeed Akbar as Emperor Jahangir. Abu'l-Fazl's killer, Vir Singh Bundela, sends the victim's severed head to Prince Salim as proof of the plot's success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#July–September", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Jahangir, ruler of the Mughal Empire in northern India, gives an audience for the first time to a representative of the British East India Company, receiving Sir Thomas Roe at the capital at Ahmedabad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#January–March", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Karan Singh II becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India) upon the death of his father, the Maharana Amar Singh I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#January–March", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Iravikkutti Pillai, Venad leader in India (b. 1603)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#Deaths", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#October–December", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in the modern-day Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the King of Deogarh, surrenders his kingdom to the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#January–March", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#January–March", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – In India, Jaswant Singh of Marwar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#January–March", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Prince Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the Mughal Empire in India until the overthrow of his father, Shah Jahan, makes a stand near Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Treaty of Ghilajharighat is signed in India between representatives of the Mughal Empire and the independent Ahom Kingdom (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#January–March", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale, future ruler of the Maratha Empire, and his son Sambhaji escape from house arrest at the Agra Fort, where they have been held prisoner since May 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale of the Maratha Empire arrives at the Agra Fort for a meeting with Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire, as part of the terms of peace under the 1665 Treaty of Purandar. After taking offence at the disrespect shown to him, he gets angry and attempts to leave; he and his son Sambhaji are immediately placed under arrest and imprisoned at the fort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The Battle of Sinhagad takes place in India (in the modern-day Maharashtra state) as the Maratha Empire army, led by Tanaji Malusare, leads an assault on the Kondhana Fortress that had been captured by the Mughal Empire. Tanaji, called \"The Lion\" by his followers, captures the fortress by guiding the successful scaling of the walls of the fortress with ladders created from rope, but is killed in the battle. The Maratha emperor Shivaji orders the fortress named Sinhagad, the Marathi language words for \"Lion's Fort\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – The Muslim emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India issues an order for the destruction of all Hindu temples and schools in the empire, including the Keshvadeva Temple in Mathura.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Shivaji Maharaj is crowned as Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj of the Maratha Empire at Raigad Fort in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#April–June", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Aurangazeb, the Muslim ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, decrees the imposition of the jizya, an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarily Hindus. The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the East India Company in India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#October–December", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – American-born British citizen Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University in the U.S. is named, completes his term as the first leader of the Madras Presidency in India, administering the colony on behalf of the East India Company, and is succeeded by William Gyfford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The Siege of Golconda, ordered by Emperor Aurangzeb of India's Mughal Empire against the capital of the Golconda sultanate, ends after nine months when a traitor inside the walled city, Sarandaz Khan, opens the first of several entrances into the fortress. The Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah is taken prisoner by General Mir Shahab ud-Din, and Golconda (now part of Hyderabad in the Telangana state).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – The Patta Fort and the Avandha Fort, located in what is now India's Maharashtra state near Ahmednagar, are captured from the Maratha clan by Mughul Army commander Matabar Khan. The Mughal Empire rules the area 73 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#January–March", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Mughal treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#July–September", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – General Santaji Ghorpade of the Maratha Empire in India is defeated by General Himmat Khan of the Mughal Empire near Vikramhalli, and retreats. A week later, after regrouping his troops, Santaji defeats Himmat at their next encounter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343170745#October–December", "title": "1693", "revid": 1343170745, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – William Kidd, who initially seized foreign ships under authority as a privateer for the British Empire before becoming a pirate, becomes an outlaw and uses his ship, the Adventure Galley, to capture an Indian ship, the valuable Quedagh Merchant, near India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#January–March", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – A charter is granted by King William III of England to the new East India Company of England, called \"the New Company\" or \"the English Company\" to break the monopoly that has existed in India since 1689 with the existing British East India Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The fortress falls on June 6.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#April–June", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – The Battle of Gurdas Nangal begins during the Mughal-Sikh Wars in India, as the Mughal Army begins an eight-month siege of a fortress near Gurdaspur (in what is now the Punjab state), where Sikh General Banda Singh Bahadur and 1,250 of his men have fled. The siege ends on December 7 when the 750 survivors, including Banda Singh, are captured. By June 1716, most of the Sikh prisoners have been tortured, killed and executed, with Banda Singh dying on June 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – In India, 600 imprisoned members of the failed Sikh Khalsa rebellion against the Mughal Empire are executed on orders of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Banda Singh Bahadur, leader of the rebellion, is brutally tortured and mutilated before being killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#April–June", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal Emperor of India since 1713, is deposed by the Sayyid brothers, who install Rafi ud-Darajat in his place. In prison, Farrukhsiyar is strangled by assassins on April 19.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#January–March", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – The Hyderabad State is created in India, as Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah rewards his associate Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan. Qamar-ud-din becomes the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The princely state exists for more than 220 years, coming to an end after India's independence from Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#July–September", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – In India, the Maratha Empire's army invades the Mughal Empire's Malwa province, crossing the Narmada River. On November 29, the two armies clash at the Battle of Amjhira; the Maratha troops, commanded by General Chimaji Appa, overcome the defenders of Malwa (now part of India's Andhra Pradesh state) and Malwa's Governor Girdhar Bahadur is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#October–December", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – At least 300,000 people are killed when a tropical cyclone strikes the Bay of Bengal in India and modern-day Bangladesh. The storm sends 12 m high waves over the Sundarbans delta, and overflows the Hooghly River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#October–December", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet \"ever seen together in the East Indies\", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders\" and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#July–September", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company–led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army, under the command of Raza Sahib, at Arni.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#October–December", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – At Lakkireddipalle in southeastern India, the new Nizam of Hyderabad, Subhadar Muzaffar Jang, leads an invasion of cavalry against the small kingdom of Kurnool and is confronted by its monarch, the Nawab Bahadur Khan. The Subhadar and the Nawab order their soldiers to stand down and then engage in hand-to-hand combat, during which the Nawab \"thrust[s] a spear into the Subhadar's brain\" before he is \"himself hacked to pieces.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#January–March", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – A garrison of the British Army in India is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#April–June", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Battle of Plassey: 3,000 troops serving with the British East India Company under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah with the help of Mir Jafar, at Plassey in India, marking the first victory of the East India Company over India, which lasts until 1857.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Shah Jahan III is installed as the puppet ruler of India's Mughal Empire eleven days after the death of Alamgir II, but is removed after a reign of only ten months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#October–December", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Wandiwash, India: British general Sir Eyre Coote is victorious over the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#January–March", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Warren Hastings begins his service for the British East India Company as Governor of Bengal, arriving at the company's headquarters at Fort William, outside of Calcutta, and including what are now parts of northeast India and Bangladesh. Hastings serves for two years, then later becomes Governor-General of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#April–June", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Sir Warren Hastings, who has been governing India on behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (later British India), resigns. Sir John Macpherson administers British India until General Charles Cornwallis arrives 19 months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#January–March", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#October–December", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373165947#April–June", "title": "1818", "revid": 1373165947, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – The Rann of Kutch earthquake, estimated at at least 7.7 kills at least 1,543 people in India in what is now the state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an 80 - 150 stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#April–June", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – The first railway begins operation in India, hauling canal construction material in Roorkee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#October–December", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China. This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China (estimated 15 million worldwide) making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. The pandemic is considered active until 1960.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#Undated", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Construction begins on the first railway in northern India as tracks are laid between the modern-day locations of Allahabad and Kanpur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Bakht Khan, commander-in-chief of Indian rebel forces in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (b. 1797)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–June", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 –The first message by electric telegraph using the Great Britain to India submarine cable is sent from London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#June", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – The final splice on the first telegraph submarine cable between Great Britain and India is made.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#June", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1897, "year_label": "1897 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – 1897 Assam earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362850810#June", "title": "1897", "revid": 1362850810, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai), India opens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#December", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#September", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#May", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress is founded in Secunderabad, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#August", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#September", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference issues the London Declaration, enabling India (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#April", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Satyajit Ray's film Pather Panchali is released in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#August", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama escapes Tibet and arrives in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#March", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The Dalai Lama is granted asylum in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#March", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The Hungry generation Movement is launched in Calcutta, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#November", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – The Sino-Indian War ends with a Chinese victory with India surrendering Aksai Chin to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#November", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#January", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#November", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#July", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistani army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#July", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – The 9.1–9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). One of the largest observed tsunamis follows, affecting coastal areas of Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, killing 227,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#December", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Manmohan Singh, a Sikh, is sworn in as India's first non-Hindu prime minister.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#May", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3–14 – 2010 Commonwealth Games takes place in Delhi, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#October", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – A Bangladeshi teenage girl Felani Khatun, was shot dead by the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on the Anantapur border area under Phulbari upazila in Kurigram. Her body was hanging from the fence for four and half hours. Global human rights organizations, including the media, became protesters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#January", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#September", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Mars Orbiter Mission, popularly known as Mangalyaan, which was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, reached Martian orbit, making India the first Asian country to successfully reach Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#September", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Nepal and causes 8,857 deaths in Nepal (including 19 at Everest base cammp), 130 in India, 27 in China and 4 in Bangladesh with a total of 9,018 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#April", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – 161 exclaves of Bangladesh within India or vice versa are ceded to the country that contained them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#August", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – The governments of India and Bangladesh officially ratify their 1974 agreement to exchange enclaves along their border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#June", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – A second major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale, results in 153 deaths in Nepal, 62 in India, 1 in China and 2 in Bangladesh, with a total of 218 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#May", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – A magnitude 7.5 earthquake strikes the Hindu Kush region and causes 398 deaths, with 279 in Pakistan, 115 in Afghanistan and 4 in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#October", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10–20 – Heavy rainfall causes severe floods in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the worst flood to hit the state in a century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#August", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – 2019 Indian floods: At least 114 people, including 57 in Kerala, 30 in Karnataka and 27 in Maharashtra, are reported to have died in monsoon-related floods in India. At least 227 died across India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#August", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The Indian Ministry of External Affairs condemns the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom after its annual report recommends placing India on the \"countries of particular concern\" blacklist over the Citizenship Amendment Act, the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, and controversial comments made by Home Minister Amit Shah, among others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Air India Express Flight 1344 crashes after overrunning the runway at Calicut International Airport in Kerala, India, killing 19 of the 191 people on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#August", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#July", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – A train collision in Odisha, India results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#June", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Rahul Gandhi, the official opposition leader of India is disqualified from the Lok Sabha after he was convicted in a defamation case filed by BJP MLA, Purnesh Modi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#March", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina announces her resignation and flees to India following nationwide protests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#August", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – Indian chess prodigy Gukesh Dommaraju defeats former world champion Ding Liren in the 2024 World Chess Championship, breaking the previous age record of 22 set by Garry Kasparov by becoming champion at 18 years, 195 days old.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#December", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › December"}}]}