{"slug": "ionia", "label": "Ionia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620874", "qid": "Q620874", "description": "historic region in western Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey)", "entries": 27, "years": 26, "span": [-655, 1091], "span_label": ["656 BCE", "1091 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 20}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "artaxerxes-ii", "label": "Artaxerxes II", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pamphylia", "label": "Pamphylia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ephesus", "label": "Ephesus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pechenegs", "label": "Pechenegs", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Egypt", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -654, "year_label": "655 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Stagira on the Chalkidiki peninsula is founded by Ionian settlers from Andros.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372393593#Greece", "title": "655 BC", "revid": 1372393593, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -493, "year_label": "494 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Persian leaders Artaphernes and Mardonius grant a degree of autonomy to the Ionian cities. They abstain from financial reprisals and merely exact former levels of tribute. The Persians abolish the Greek tyrannies in Ionia and permit democracies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362845788#Persian_empire", "title": "494 BC", "revid": 1362845788, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Among the refugees arriving from Ionia after the collapse of the Ionian Revolt is a chief named Miltiades, who has a fine reputation as a soldier. Themistocles makes him a general in the Athenian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Greece", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -491, "year_label": "492 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172499#Greece", "title": "492 BC", "revid": 1354172499, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Meanwhile at sea, the Persians are defeated by a Greek fleet headed by Leotychidas of Sparta and Xanthippus of Athens in the Battle of Mycale, on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Greece", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -475, "year_label": "476 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Under the leadership of Kimon, the Delian League continues to fight Persia and to remove the Ionian cities from Persian administration. The conquest of Eion on the Strymon from Persia is led by Cimon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129376#Greece", "title": "476 BC", "revid": 1350129376, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -433, "year_label": "434 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Anaxagoras is arrested by Pericles' political opponents on a charge of contravening the established dogmas of Athenian religion. It takes Pericles' power of oratory and persuasion to secure his release, and even then, he is fined and forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317718470#Greece", "title": "434 BC", "revid": 1317718470, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Despite encouragement from the Ionian leaders to engage the Athenians, Alcidas declines. Rather, Alcidas leads his fleet to Cyllene where the Spartans resolve to strengthen the fleet and send it to Corcyra where a revolution has broken out. Spartan leaders, Brasidas and Alcidas, then defeat a fleet of Corcyran ships. However, they retire when word reaches them that 60 Athenian ships from Leucas under the command of Eurymedon have been dispatched to intercept them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Greece", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -414, "year_label": "415 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades openly joins with the Spartans and persuades them to send Gylippus to assist Syracuse and to fortify Decelea in Attica. He also encourages Ionia to revolt against Athens. As a result, a Spartan fleet soon arrives to reinforce their allies in Syracuse and a stalemate ensues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115968#Greece", "title": "415 BC", "revid": 1300115968, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, sails out from Athens with a sizable force to campaign in Ionia. There, he quickly captures Colophon and raids the Ionian countryside, but is defeated outside Ephesus by a combined Ephesian, Persian, and Syracusan force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Greece", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theramenes secures terms that save the city of Athens from destruction. The Spartans allow Athens to retain its independence. However, Athens loses all its foreign possessions and what is left of its fleet and is required to become an ally of Sparta. The Long Walls around Athens are pulled down. Greek towns across the Aegean Sea in Ionia are again the subjects of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Greece", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext for gathering a large army and also pretends to prepare an expedition to Pisidia, in the Taurus Mountains. Cyrus starts out with about 15,220 men, of whom 10,400 are Greek mercenaries. When he reaches the Euphrates River at Thapsacus, he announces that he is marching against Artaxerxes II. He advances unopposed into Babylonia; but Artaxerxes, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathers an army. The two forces meet in the Battle of Cunaxa, north of Babylon, where Cyrus is slain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Persian_empire", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When the Greek cities of Ionia heard about Cyrus' defeat they knew Artaxerxes would want to exact his revenge on them for supporting Cyrus. They sent several embassies to Sparta to request the Lacedaemonians assistance. The Spartans sent Thibron who recruits 5,000 soldiers to aid the Ionian Greeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Tamõs, the satrap of Ionia, fled from his satrapy in fear of the king's retribution. He loaded his possessions onto his satrapy's fleet of triremes and sailed to Egypt seeking the protection of Psammetichus, the King of the Egyptians. Psammetichus executed Tamõs and his family and took his possessions and fleet for himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -396, "year_label": "397 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta launches an ambitious campaign in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698502#Greece", "title": "397 BC", "revid": 1352698502, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -393, "year_label": "394 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general Conon, the Persian satrap Pharnabazus and Evagoras, King of Salamis, win an overwhelming naval victory over the Spartans under Peisander in the Battle of Cnidus (near Rhodes). Following this victory, Conon and Pharnabazus sail along the coast of Ionia, expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities, although they fail to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos. With the Spartan bid for building an empire crumbling, Persia gains mastery of the Aegean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172908#Greece", "title": "394 BC", "revid": 1354172908, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian satrap, Struthas, pursues an anti-Spartan policy, prompting the Spartans to order Thibron, their governor, to the Greek cities of Ionia to attack him. Thibron successfully ravages Persian territory for a time, but is killed, along with a number of his men, when Struthas ambushes them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Persian_Empire", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens allies itself with Thebes and forms the Second Athenian League. The confederacy includes most of the Boeotian cities and some of the Ionian islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Greece", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian generals Chares and Chabrias are given command of the Athenian fleet with the aim of defeating the rebellious cities. However, Chabrias' fleet is defeated and he is killed in its attack on the island of Chios, off the coast of Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy II loses ground in Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, while Antiochus II regains Miletus and Ephesus. A peace is then concluded between Antiochus and Ptolemy under which Antiochus is to marry Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Egypt", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians in a single day (App.Mith.§§85–91). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#Greece", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 1079, "year_label": "1079 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish reach and occupy the western coast of Asia Minor, an area known since the Archaic Period (c. 800–c. 500 BC) as Ionia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068328#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1079", "revid": 1267068328, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Tzachas, a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the Ionian coastal city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir). He proclaims himself emperor (basileus), and concludes an alliance with the Pechenegs in Thrace. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade Constantinople by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}