{"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794", "qid": "Q794", "description": "country in Western Asia", "entries": 178, "years": 145, "span": [-2253, 2025], "span_label": ["2254 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 62}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 31}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 24}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 13}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 12}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "greater-khorasan", "label": "Greater Khorasan", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "samanid-empire", "label": "Samanid Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tabriz", "label": "Tabriz", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": -2253, "year_label": "2254 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: The Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), was made. It is now in the Musée du Louvre, Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895841#Events", "title": "23rd century BC", "revid": 1371895841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -677, "year_label": "678 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Deioces united the Median tribes of Media and made the first Iranian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510290#Events", "title": "678 BC", "revid": 1370510290, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -674, "year_label": "675 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Deioces dies after a 53-year reign that has established the kingdom of the Medes and its capital at Ecbatana (later Hamedan) in what will be northwest Persia. He is succeeded by his son Phraortes, who forms an anti-Assyrian alliance with the Cimmerians to subjugate the Persians and other Asian peoples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510298#Middle_East", "title": "675 BC", "revid": 1370510298, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -650, "year_label": "651 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Teispes of Anshan (Persia) sends help to Shamash-shum-ukin but his heirs will later be obliged to accept Assyrian overlordship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510249#Middle_East", "title": "651 BC", "revid": 1370510249, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -521, "year_label": "522 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bardiya succeeds Cambyses II as ruler of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365841400#Persian_Empire", "title": "522 BC", "revid": 1365841400, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -521, "year_label": "522 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December Darius I succeeds Bardiya as ruler of Persia. He is the son of a government official.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365841400#Persian_Empire", "title": "522 BC", "revid": 1365841400, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persia forces the Athenians to withdraw their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been successfully supporting the Egyptian Pharaohs in maintaining their independence from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Persian_empire", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While returning to Persia, Alexander's army runs into the Malli clans (in modern day Multan). The ensuing battle severely weakens his army. Alexander sends much of his remaining army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, while he leads the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosian Desert (now part of southern Iran and Makran in southern Pakistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces, chief of an Iranian nomad tribe, the Parni, invades and conquers Parthia killing, in the process, the local ruler Andragoras.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Persia", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -186, "year_label": "187 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, attempts to collect tribute from a temple near Susa, Persia, where he was killed. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1223702100#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "187 BC", "revid": 1223702100, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians. At the same time, Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius' forces", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, and marries Cleopatra VII while still married to Octavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 252, "year_label": "252 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur I puts down the revolt in Khorasan (Iran and Turkmenistan), and rejoins his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372042709#Persia", "title": "252", "revid": 1372042709, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage Moesia and Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 271, "year_label": "271 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur I builds the Academy of Gundishapur (Iran), which becomes the intellectual center of the Sassanid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347633744#Art_and_Science", "title": "271", "revid": 1347633744, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign, in which the Zoroastrian priests at Ctesiphon (Iran) put pressure on him to persecute Buddhists, Christians, and Manichaeans. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Sassanid_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Sassanid Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Bahram II of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) sends envoys to seek peaceful relations with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Persia", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Julian builds a fleet of 50 warships, and more than 1,000 transport boats at Samosata, for his expedition in Persia against King Shapur II the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Roman_Empire", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitioned Armenia with the Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his son Bahram IV, who becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Persia", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shapur III, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Deaths", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bahram IV, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Deaths", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Bahram IV dies after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Yazdegerd I, who becomes the thirteenth Sassanid Emperor of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Middle_East", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 420, "year_label": "420 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Saint Abdas, bishop of Susa (Iran)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371542443#Deaths", "title": "AD 420", "revid": 1371542443, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yazdegerd II dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd III who seizes the Persian throne. His elder brother Peroz I rebels against him in Sistan (Iran). After months of civil war he defeats Hormizd and becomes the seventeenth Sasanian king of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Persia", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hephthalites (White Huns) invade Persia. King Peroz I gathers an army of 50,000-100,000 men, and places his brother Balash at the head of the government in Ctesiphon. At the Battle of Herat, the Persians are ambushed and defeated. Peroz I is killed, whose body is not found. Balash is crowned and becomes king of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Asia", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 496, "year_label": "496 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740340#Asia", "title": "496", "revid": 1364740340, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I refuses to pay a share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, through which nomadic tribes have come for raids on Persia and the Byzantine Empire. King Kavadh I invades Armenia and captures Theodosiopolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 503, "year_label": "503 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I sends a Byzantine army (52,000 men) to Armenia, but is defeated. The Romans attempt an unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held city Amida, on the Tigris. King Kavadh I invades Osroene, and lays siege to the city of Edessa (Northern Mesopotamia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "503", "revid": 1364904019, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Satala: A Byzantine cavalry force (30,000 men) under command of Sittas defeats a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Persia", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Khosrau II is reinstalled as king of the Persian Empire. Peace with Constantinople is concluded after a war of almost 20 years. Maurice receives the Persian provinces of Armenia and Georgia. The recognition of the traditional frontiers, and the cessation of subsidies for the Caucasus forts, leaves the Byzantines in a dominant position in their relations with Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Persia", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Blarathon: A Persian army of about 40,000 men under King Bahrām VI is defeated, in the lowlands near Ganzak (northwestern Iran), by the Byzantines. Bahrām flees to seek refuge with the Turks in Central Asia, and settles in Fergana. However, after some time, he is murdered by a hired assassin of Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian usurper Hormizd V (who rises temporarily to power) is defeated by King Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Persia", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Western Turks conquer the Oxus valley and cooperate with Heraclius against Persia, taking Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Asia", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Heraclius plunders the city palace of Dastgerd (Iran) and gains tremendous riches (also recovering 300 captured Byzantine flags). He turns northeastward to Caucasian Albania to rest his army. Khosrau II flees to the mountains of Susiana, to rally support for the defense of the Persian capital Ctesiphon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius styles himself as Basileus, Greek word for \"sovereign\", and takes the ancient title of \"King of Kings\", after his victory over Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Shahrbaraz is killed and succeeded by Borandukht, daughter of former king Khosrow II. She ascends the throne as 26th monarch of Persia, before being deposed in favour of Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, whose brief reign is then followed by that of her sister Azarmidokht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Persia", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Yazdegerd III, age 8, ascends to the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sassanid Dynasty (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Persia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I, who becomes the second caliph (khalifah) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria, Persia, and Egypt in a \"Holy War\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Arabia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chang'an, capital of the Tang dynasty (China), becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Ctesiphon, capital of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Asia", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Siege of Ctesiphon: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas occupies the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, after a two-month siege. King Yazdegerd III flees with the imperial treasure eastward into Media. Muslim forces conquer the Persian provinces as far as Khuzestan (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Persia", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Persia", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peroz III, son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Persia, flees to territory under the control of the Tang dynasty in China (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Persia", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 651, "year_label": "651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surrender peacefully.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804418#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "651", "revid": 1340804418, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 651, "year_label": "651 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Yazdegerd III of Persia is murdered in a miller's hut near Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to Arab conquest, and the Sassanid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804418#Persia", "title": "651", "revid": 1340804418, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab armies conquer Khurasan (Iran), and the Silk Road along Transoxiana (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Asia", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 662, "year_label": "662 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: Arab forces of the Umayyad Caliphate resume the push to capture Persian lands, and begin to move towards the lands east and north of the plateau, towards Greater Khorasan (Iran) and the Silk Road along Transoxiana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805159#Arab_Empire", "title": "662", "revid": 1340805159, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mohammad ibn al-Ash'ath revolts against Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the Sistan and Balochistan regions (Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Arabian_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars under Barjik invade the provinces of Jibal and Adharybaydjian. He defeats an Umayyad army (25,000 men) at Ardabil (Iran), killing al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Arabian_Empire", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "743 Caspian Gates earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Gates (Gates of Alexander). The location is identified with either Derbent, Russia or Talis, Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Asia", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan (modern Iran), marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i takes the cities Nishapur and Rey, defeating an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Gorgan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Arabian_Empire", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Lushan Rebellion: The Chinese seaport of Guangzhou is sacked by Muslim and Persian raiders. The port is shut down for the next 5 decades, while foreign vessels dock at Hanoi (modern Vietnam) instead. Guangzhou thrives again, once it is reopened to foreign trade in the early 9th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Asia", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 807, "year_label": "807 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is constructed in Qazvin (modern Iran), by the orders of Harun al-Rashid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342124762#Religion", "title": "807", "revid": 1342124762, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Caliph Harun al-Rashid dies at Tus, on an expedition to put down an uprising in Khorasan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fourth Fitna: Abbasid caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of Khurasan, in northeast Persia, and sends an army of 40,000 men with him against his half-brother al-Ma'mun. Ibn Mahan's army is defeated by a smaller army under Tahir ibn Husayn, at Rayy. During the fighting Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens, who found spinach originally in Persia (modern Iran), introduce the plant to Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Agriculture", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By topic › Agriculture"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – Another earthquake strikes Damghan (modern-day Iran), killing an estimated 200,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Geology", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By topic › Geology"}}, {"year": 861, "year_label": "861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, a Muslim military leader, starts rebelling against the Abbasids and founds the Saffarid Dynasty in the 870s. He rules over parts of Khurasan and eastern Iran, and establishes his capital at Zaranj (modern Afghanistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129426#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "861", "revid": 1341129426, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad ibn Tahir, Muslim governor of Khorasan, is overthrown by the Saffarids, led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, who conquer the capital, Nishapur. Khorasan is annexed to their own empire in eastern Persia. The Tahirid Dynasty falls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – 893 Ardabil earthquake. Several earthquake catalogues and historical sources describe this earthquake as a destructive earthquake that struck the city of Ardabil, Iran. The magnitude is unknown, but the death toll was reported to be very large. The USGS, in their \"List of Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths\", give an estimate that 150,000 were killed, which would make it the ninth deadliest earthquake in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Eurasia", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Eurasia"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rustam I, ruler of the Bavand Dynasty (Iran)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Deaths", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The east coast of Africa is impacted by trade and Arab, Persian and Indian traders mix with the indigenous Bantu. Many of the coastal Bantu adopt Islam, reaching as far south as Sofala (Mozambique).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Commerce", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath, Sajid emir of Azerbaijan (Iran)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 930, "year_label": "930 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mardavij ibn Ziyar is sent by Asfar ibn Shiruya along with his brother Shirzad, to capture the fortress of Shamiran in Tarom (Northern Iran), the capital of the Sallarid ruler Muhammad ibn Musafir. During the siege Mardavij is persuaded to revolt against Asfar, by letters from Makan ibn Kaki. With the help of the sons of the Sallarid, he kills other members of his tribe, including Shirzad. Mardavij founds the Ziyarid Dynasty and becomes the ruler of Asfar's former territories, which include Rey, Qazvin, Zanjan, Abhar, Qom and Karaj.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919313#Arabian_Empire", "title": "930", "revid": 1364919313, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 930, "year_label": "930 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sharwin II, ruler of the Bavand Dynasty (Iran)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919313#Deaths", "title": "930", "revid": 1364919313, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar defeats and kills his rival Asfar ibn Shiruya. He conquers in rapid succession the Abbasid cities of Hamadan, Dinavar, and Kashan, and finally the entire region of Isfahan, which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother Vushmgir as the governor of Amol (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Asia", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 932, "year_label": "932 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar invades Tabaristan and captures the city of Gorgan. The Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki tries to reclaim his territories, but fails. He seeks refuge among the Samanids and enters the service of their ruler Nasr II. He appoints him as governor of Kirman (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512125#Asia", "title": "932", "revid": 1341512125, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Ali ibn Buya, a Samanid governor, takes advantage of the anarchy in Persia and conquers Fars (modern Iran). He founds the Buyid Dynasty, and makes Shiraz his capital. Ali seeks the recognition of the Abbasid caliph Ar-Radi, who confirms him later as his viceroy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January", "text": "January – Emir Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, is murdered by his Turkish slaves. He is succeeded by his brother and general Vushmgir, who is crowned as the new Ziyarid ruler in Rey (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Arabian_Empire", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January", "text": "January – Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty (Iran), assassinated", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Deaths", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Nuh II, emir of the Samanid Dynasty (Iran) (d. 997)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Births", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Al-Mutanabbi, an Abbasid poet, returns from 5 years in Mesopotamia. He has lived at Shiraz under the protection of the Buyid emir 'Adud al-Dawla, but bandits kill him near An Numaniyah (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Literature", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Dari dialect (which will become the major language of Persia) is developed in the royal courts of the Samanid Empire in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#Arabian_Empire", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Saffarid emir of Sistan (modern Iran), is deposed and surrenders to the Ghaznavid dynasty after a 39-year reign (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Persia", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shams al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Hamadan (Iran)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Deaths", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Mas'ud I, who seizes the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire, which includes much of Afghanistan, Iran, and India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Asia", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1043, "year_label": "1043 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Seljuqs under Tughril Beg expel the Oghuz Turks from Khorasan and conquer Qazvin (modern Iran). They become the new masters of the Ziyarid dynasty (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365591040#Arabian_Empire", "title": "1043", "revid": 1365591040, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Alp Arslan succeeds to the throne, as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1086, "year_label": "1086 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, ruler of the Turks in Rum, is killed by Emir Tutush I in the battle of Ain Salm near Antioch. Suleiman's 7-year-old son Kilij Arslan I is captured and transferred as hostage to Isfahan (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277859585#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1086", "revid": 1277859585, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Barkiyaruq dies in Borujerd (modern Iran) after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Malik-Shah II, but is deposed and killed by his uncle Muhammad I. Muhammad becomes ruler of the Seljuk Empire, but his brother Ahmad Sanjar (Seljuk ruler of Khorasan) holds more power as co-ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "1210–1211 – Shazi creates the Pen Box, from Persia (Iran) or Afghanistan (it is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Art_and_Culture", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Culture"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "1215–1216 – The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Art_and_Science", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Mina'i ware pottery production in Persia ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Technology", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By topic › Technology"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muhammad II flees westwards across northern Iran, hoping to find safety in the rugged and isolated region of Mazandaran on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He is pursued by 20,000 Mongol forces led by Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). Abandoned by the remnants of his panic-stricken troops, Muhammad seeks shelter on a small island near Astara. There he dies of pleurisy some weeks later. He is succeeded by his son Jalal al-Din Mangburni, who is forced to flee to India after the Mongol invasion (see 1219).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Jalal al-Din Mangburni dethrones Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids, and sets himself up in the capital of Tabriz (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#July_–_September", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan, is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (which is witnessed by a papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine) at Karakorum. Güyük reverses several edicts of his mother, Töregene Khatun, and orders Eljigidei, Mongol viceroy of Persia, to advance into Syria and prepare an attack on Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December", "text": "December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Winter 1251–52 – Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia, killed", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Deaths", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#Asia", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Asia"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Europe", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Art_and_Culture", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Culture"}}, {"year": 1305, "year_label": "1305 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – At Tabriz (now in Iran) Öljaitü the Mongol Ikhanate, receives the Mongol ambassador from Yuan dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297125288#July_–_September", "title": "1305", "revid": 1297125288, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Özbeg Khan, the Mongol ruler of much of Russia, demands that the Middle East Mongol ruler Öljaitü cede to him the Azerbaijan territory of modern-day Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#October_–_December", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, asks for aid from the Ikhanate Mongol ruler of Iran, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, for help in modern-day southern Turkey. Al-Nasir has started a campaign against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, led by King Oshin, and Pope John XXII has recently dispatched troops to aid the Armenians. By the time the Ikhanate troops arrive, a ceasefire has been negotiated between the Muslims and the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Shaikh Hasan Jalayir succeeds his father, Shaykh Uways Jalayir, as ruler of the Jalayirid Sultanate in modern-day Iraq and western Iran. Hasan proves to be an unpopular ruler and is executed on October 9 and succeeded by his brother, Shaikh Hussain Jalayir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Date_unknown", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Aq Qoyunlu (\"White Sheep Turkmen\") tribal confederation, in modern-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbakır.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#Date_unknown", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1407, "year_label": "1407 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Pir Muhammad Mirza, co-ruler of the Timurid Empire (Transoxiana) that encompasses what is now Iran and most of the Near East of Asia, is murdered by his vizier, Pir Ali Taz. He is succeeded by his cousin, Khalil Sultan, who becomes the sole ruler of Transoxiana until being overthrown in 1409.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230756#January–March", "title": "1407", "revid": 1367230756, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – The Timurid War of Succession comes to an end as Khalil Sultan surrenders Samarkand to Shah Rukh, ruler of the Timurid Empire since 1405. Shah Rukh installs his son Ulugh Beg as Governor of Transoxiana. Shah Rukh then appoints Khalil as Governor of Shahr-e Rey in modern-day Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#April–June", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#July–September", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – (5 Safar 849 AH) Sultan Muhammad of the Timurid Empire in Iran arrives in Isfahan and forces out a disloyal governor, Sa'adat, then declares an amnesty on taxes, stages a feast and celebration, and appoints Shah Ala' al-Din Naqib as the new governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#April–June", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – At Tabriz, Khalil Mirza is proclaimed the Sultan of Aq Qoyunlu (now in Iran) after the death of his father, Uzun Hasan. Khalil is overthrown by his brother Ya'qub in July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#January–March", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – (1 Jumada al-Thani 907 AH) Ismail I is enthroned as the first Shah of Iran, choosing Tabriz as his capital, founding the Safavid dynasty in northern Iran. He declares Shi'ism the official and compulsory religion, under penalty of death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1587, "year_label": "1587 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Shāh ‘Abbās I \"The Great\" succeeds as Shahanshah of Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478812#October–December", "title": "1587", "revid": 1362478812, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#Date_unknown", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Nimavar school in Isfahan, Iran is built and opens in this era of Suleiman I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#Date_unknown", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#April–June", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – Tabriz earthquake, Persia kills 77,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#October–December", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – After his disastrous attempt to fight the Ottoman Empire, Shah Tahmasp II is removed from the throne of Iran by one of his generals, Nader Khan, who later proclaims himself the King of Persia in Tahmasp's place as Nader Shah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#April–June", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Herat Campaign: General Nader Shah of Persia (now Iran) suppresses the rebellion by Zulfiqar Khan in the city of Herat in what is now Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#January–March", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Russia and Persia sign the Treaty of Riascha at Resht. Based on the terms of the agreement, Russia will no longer establish claims over Persian territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#January–March", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Karim Khan Zand, the King of Persia (now Iran) recaptures the city of Shiraz from Afghan warlord Azad Khan Afghan, who had taken control of much of central Iran since 1749.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#October–December", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#October–December", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – The Tobacco Protest begins in Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#February", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake strikes northeastern Iran near the town of Quchan and causes at least 1,000 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#January", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#May", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – 1921 Persian coup d'état: Rezā Khan and Zia'eddin Tabatabaee stage a coup d'état in Qajar dynasty Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#February", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, Joseph Stalin's personal secretary, crosses the border to Iran to defect from the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#January", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Turkish troops move into Persia to fight Kurdish insurgents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#August", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Tadj ol-Molouk, Empress consort of Iran, and her daughters appear publicly in Tehran without a veil, leading to its abolition in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#Date_unknown", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#November–December", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Reza Shah of Iran asks the international community to formally adopt the name \"Iran\" to refer to the country, in place of the name \"Persia\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#March", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The Tudeh party starts a bloodless coup, and will form Azerbaijan within days. Soviet troops prevent Iranian troops from getting involved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#November", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – The Iranian Royal Army takes back power in the Azerbaijan province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#December", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The leaders of the Kurdish People's Republic of Mahabad, the second Kurdish state in the history of Iran, are hanged at Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad, after the state has been overrun by the Iranian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#March", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – The United Kingdom begins an economic boycott of Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#September", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Caspian tiger becomes extinct in Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#Date_unknown", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Iranian forces occupy the Persian Gulf islands of Abu Musa (joint occupation by agreement with Sharjah) and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs (taken by force from Ras Al Khaimah).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#November", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – The largest state banquet in history is held at the ancient city of Persepolis in Iran, marking the symbolic Celebration of the 2,500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#October", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Algiers Agreement: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#March", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Iranian Revolution: Two million demonstrate against the Shah in Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#December", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The 7.4 Tabas earthquake killed at least 15,000 people in the city of Tabas in Iran. The quake was measured with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#September", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#April", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#November", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24–25 – Operation Eagle Claw, a commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages, is aborted after mechanical problems ground the rescue helicopters. Eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air collision during the failed operation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#April", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#February", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Canadian Caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland, on Swissair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#January", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#October", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The command council of Iraq orders its army to \"deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets\", initiating the Iran–Iraq War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#September", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days, minutes after Ronald Reagan is sworn in as the 40th President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#January", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Iran-Iraq War: Iranian troops retake Khorramshahr.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#May", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Iranian teenager Mona Mahmudnizhad and nine other women are hanged because they are members of the Baháʼí Faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Iran accuses Iraq of using chemical weapons; the United Nations condemns their use on March 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#March", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#November", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret, in order to secure the release of 7 American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#November", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses the American people on the Iran–Contra affair, acknowledging that his overtures to Iran had \"deteriorated\" into an arms-for-hostages deal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#March", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – The Satanic Verses controversy: Iran places a $3,000,000 bounty on the head of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#February", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The 7.4 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake affects northern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 35,000–50,000, and injuring 60,000–105,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#June", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – The 7.3 Qayen earthquake strikes eastern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). At least 1,567 were killed and 2,300 were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#May", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Mohammad Khatami wins the 1997 Iranian presidential election and becomes the first Iranian Reformist president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#May", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – The 6.6 Bam earthquake occurs in Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#December", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908, en route from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia crashes into the Jannatabad village in Qazvin Province; killing all 168 on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#July", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France, following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#February", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Iran–European Union relations: the European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of its continued effort to enrich uranium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#January", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran, and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#September", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Iran agrees to limit their nuclear development program in exchange for sanctions relief.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#November", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – Iranian nuclear deal: Iran agrees to long-term limits of its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#July", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Following the fallout caused by the execution of Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi Arabia and several other countries end their diplomatic relations with Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#January", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake strikes the border region between Iraq and Iran leaving at least 530 dead and over 70,000 homeless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#November", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The International Atomic Energy Agency confirms that Iran has breached the limit on its stockpile of enriched uranium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#July", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The Iranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps captures British tanker Stena Impero and temporarily seizes British-operated and Liberian-flagged tanker Mesdar in the Persian Gulf. The British Foreign Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, warns there will be \"serious consequences\" if Iran does not release the tanker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#July", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone: Iran shoots down a U.S. RQ-4 Global Hawk surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz after claiming it violated their airspace. The U.S. claims it has been shot down in international airspace in an \"unprovoked attack\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#June", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident: Four commercial ships, including two Saudi Aramco oil tankers, are damaged near Fujairah in the Gulf of Oman. The UAE claims it as a \"sabotage attack\", while an early U.S. assessment blames Iran. The incident occurs after increased U.S.-Iran tensions provoked by the deployment of U.S. military to the Persian Gulf in response to an alleged plot by Iran to attack U.S. forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#May", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Iranian woman Sahar Khodayari sets herself on fire after being arrested for attending a soccer game in Iran. She dies a week later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#September", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – The Industrial Bank of Korea agrees to pay US$86 million and will enter a two-year deferred prosecution agreement to settle lawsuits with the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York over a 2011 scheme to help transfer US$1 billion to Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Iran launches ballistic missiles at two Iraqi military bases hosting U.S. soldiers, injuring over 100 personnel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#January", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Militants in the Philippines, Syria, Yemen, and Libya agree to U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres' call for a ceasefire; some accept medical aid for themselves and civilians in their communities. Colombia and Venezuela discuss a common response to the global pandemic, and the UAE airlifts aid to Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#March", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – 2022 South Khorasan train derailment: In Iran, a passenger train derailed travelling from Tabas to Yazd crashed into an excavator and derailed, killing 18 and injuring 87.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#June", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Protests erupt in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini in the custody of the country's \"morality police\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#September", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Iran joins the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, becoming the organization's ninth member.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#July", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – A series of earthquakes occur in Herat Province in Afghanistan, killing over 1,000 people and injuring nearly 2,000, with tremors felt in Iran and Turkmenistan. The earthquakes are the deadliest in the country since 1998.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#October", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Iran launches retaliatory strikes against Israel after an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus earlier in the month.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#April", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates become BRICS members.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#January", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – 2025 Iranian protests: Major protests emerge in Iran following an intense inflation spike that saw a severe depreciation in the Iranian rial. These protests are accompanied with demands for an end to the Islamic republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#December", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › December"}}]}