{"slug": "islam", "label": "Islam", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432", "qid": "Q432", "description": "monotheistic Abrahamic religion founded by Muhammad", "entries": 46, "years": 44, "span": [32, 1988], "span_label": ["32 CE", "1988 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 17}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "muhammad", "label": "Muhammad", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "muslim", "label": "Muslim", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mughal-empire", "label": "Mughal Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hinduism", "label": "Hinduism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "saudi-arabia", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 32, "year_label": "32 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "John the Baptist, religious figure in Christianity, Islam, and other Abrahamic religions", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#32_AD", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Deaths › 32 AD"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Year of the Elephant, according to Islamic tradition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Religion", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, last prophet of Islam (d. 632) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Births", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 571, "year_label": "571 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, prophet of Islam (d. 632) – see also 570", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751956#Births", "title": "571", "revid": 1364751956, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – Muhammad claims to have received what was to become the first wahy of Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Religion", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, Islamic prophet, begins at 40 years old to preach a religion which will be called Islam. According to Islamic teachings, the angel Gabriel appears to him in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and calls him: \"The Prophet of Allah\". Muhammad gathers followers, reciting to them the first verses of Qur'an(Iqra), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Religion", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Quraish clans begins to boycott Muhammad and Banu Hashem, in order to put pressure on his Muslim followers and his Islamic preachings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Religion", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Meccans begin a boycott of the Banu Hashim clan, to which Islamic prophet Muhammad belongs. A civil war begins in Medina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Religion", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad issues a final proclamation against alcohol. Alcohol is subsequently prohibited in Islam, and his followers pour their wine into the streets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Religion", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Religion"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Muslims replace Zoroastrianism with Islam in Mesopotamia (later Iraq); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the Quran as the doctrine of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn Arabic (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Religion", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 656, "year_label": "656 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "First Islamic Civil War: An armed revolt erupts in Egypt; several Muslim sympathisers travel to Medina to rally support, beginning the fitna (literally meaning the 'trail of faith'). The Muslim expansion comes to a halt as the martial energies of the Islamic forces are directed inwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635539#Arabian_Empire", "title": "656", "revid": 1367635539, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 707, "year_label": "707 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The first Islamic hospital (bimaristan) is founded in Damascus (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807099#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 707", "revid": 1340807099, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Salih I ibn Mansur founds the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor (Morocco). He converts the local Berber tribes to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Africa", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Europe", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Muslim scholar and physician (d. 873)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Births", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 845, "year_label": "845 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – 42 captured Byzantine officials from Amorium are executed at Samarra, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, after they repeatedly refuse attempts to convert them to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342044538#Asia", "title": "845", "revid": 1342044538, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The east coast of Africa is impacted by trade and Arab, Persian and Indian traders mix with the indigenous Bantu. Many of the coastal Bantu adopt Islam, reaching as far south as Sofala (Mozambique).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Commerce", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet and a messenger of Islam, among the Ghomara Berbers near the city of Tétouan (modern Morocco).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#Religion", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction is completed on Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt (the world's oldest Islamic university).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Africa", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Commerce", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Qarmatians are defeated north of Cairo by Fatimid forces under General Jawhar al-Siqilli. He consolidates Fatimid rule and sends a legation to the Christian land of Nubia to secure the southern border of Egypt. Arab traders introduce Islam to the population, which gradually supplants Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Africa", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1011, "year_label": "1011 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Baghdad Manifesto is ordered by Caliph Al-Qadir of the Abbasid Caliphate, in response to the growth of the Fatimid-supporting Ismaili sect of Islam within his borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048875#Middle_East", "title": "1011", "revid": 1368048875, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 (9 Muharram 415 AH) – In the first example of the reversal of the policy of religious tolerance created by the late Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, Egyptian Christian Abu Zakariyya is arrested on charges of apostasy. Zakariyya, raised as a Christian, had converted to Islam, but then renounced Islam and converted back to Christianity, with immunity granted by al-Hakim. Zakariyya, apparently singled out for punishment is executed on October 14 (7 Shaban 415 CE).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#January–March", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Siege of Xerigordos: Sultan Kilij Arslan I sends a Seljuk expeditionary force to assault and recapture the castle of Xerigordos. They cut off the water supply, and Rainald of Breis is forced to surrender. Many of the crusaders are killed but others convert to Islam and become slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, is shocked by the war between fellow-Muslims and tries to negotiate a peace. Saladin, thwarted by the strong fortifications of Mosul, retreats to Sinjar. He marches to conquer Diarbekir, the richest and the greatest fortress of the Jazira Region (with the finest library in Islam).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The Agreement of San Germano is signed between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Honorius III, with the Emperor Frederick agreeing to lead the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Christian Holy Land in the Middle East from the Muslims. In return for the financing and the provision of soldiers by the Catholis Church in Syria, Frederick agrees to launch the Crusade on or before August 15, 1227.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#July_–_September", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – In Baghdad, Al-Mānsūr al-Mustansir bi-llah (known as Al-Mustansir I) becomes the new Caliph of the adherents of Islam (and the 36th of the Abbasid dyansty), succeeding his father, al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah, who died only nine months after succeeding to the Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#July_–_September", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Khwarazmian Empire forces commanded by the Muslim Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni capture Tbilisi, capital of the Kingdom of Georgia. After the capture, the massacre of thousands of its Christian inhabitants begins as residents are given the choice between converting to Islam or being put to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#January_–_March", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Kudahuvadhoo is converted to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Religion", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Asia_and_North_Africa", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Asia and North Africa"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Mongol leader Baydu Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at Tabriz. He is succeeded by Ghazan, who becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate. He converts to Islam, ending a line of Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Asia", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In Egypt, Al-Mustakfi I becomes the new Muslim Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, leader of Islam within the Mamluk Sultanate, upon the death of his father, the Caliph Al-Hakim I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#January–March", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1380, "year_label": "1380 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Sheikh Karimul Makhdum, a Syrian Sunni Muslim missionary, brings the religion of Islam to the Philippine Islands by establishing a mosque on the island of Tawi-Tawi. The date of November 7 is now celebrated annually as a holiday in the Bangsamoro region of the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360515041#October–December", "title": "1380", "revid": 1360515041, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Two days after Ottoman troops had broken a siege and taken control of the village of Otranto in southern Italy, led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha, carry out the massacre of 813 inhabitants who had refused to convert from Christianity to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#July–September", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Fall of Granada: Muhammad XI, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#January—March", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – George of Kratovo, a silversmith in Serbia, becomes a martyr to the Christian faith as he is burned to death on a pyre for refusing to convert to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#January–March", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Ketevan, former queen consort of Kakheti (located around Gremi in what is now the Republic of Georgia), is tortured and killed in the Persian city of Shiraz after refusing to renounce Christianity to convert to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#July–September", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar, Sa'd ibn Zayd, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali and of Muhammad (founder of Islam) becomes the new Sharif of Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. His ascension to the post follows the death of his father, Zayd ibn Muhsin, who had been the Sharif since 1631.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – The Muslim emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India issues an order for the destruction of all Hindu temples and schools in the empire, including the Keshvadeva Temple in Mathura.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Aurangazeb, the Muslim ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, decrees the imposition of the jizya, an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarily Hindus. The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Sheikh Yusuf, exiled by the administrators of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), arrives at the Dutch Cape Colony on the ship De Voetboog, at what later becomes Cape Town, South Africa, along with two wives, two concubines and twelve children. Resettled by the colonial government at a farm in Zandvliet, the Sheikh introduces Islam to South Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#April–June", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Muslim scholar, 1st Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam (d. 1914)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#January–June", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Births › January–June"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, 2nd Caliph of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam (d. 1965)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#January", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Births › January"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May", "text": "May – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claims to be the Promised Messiah (the second coming of Jesus) and the Mahdi awaited in Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#May", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#December", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › December"}}]}