{"slug": "islamic-calendar", "label": "Islamic calendar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28892", "qid": "Q28892", "description": "lunar calendar used by Muslims to determine religious observances", "entries": 23, "years": 21, "span": [638, 1883], "span_label": ["638 CE", "1883 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "emir-of-mecca", "label": "Emir of Mecca", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "timur", "label": "Timur", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "shah-jahan", "label": "Shah Jahan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "agra", "label": "Agra", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sufism", "label": "Sufism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "isfahan", "label": "Isfahan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "april", "label": "April", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Islamic calendar is introduced by Abu Musa al-Asha'ari. He convinces Umar I to make notes of an era for Muslims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arts_and_sciences", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and sciences"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – (22 Rabi’ al-Thani 774 AH) ; Four-year-old Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz succeeds his father, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I, as Marinid Sultan of Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#October–December", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – (Muharram 783 AH) In what is now Afghanistan, the Siege of Herat by the Mongol conqueror Timur ends with the Persian city surrendering to the Mongols, in return for the populace being spared.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#April–June", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – (2 Muharram 787 AH) The madrasa (a religious school) of the Emir of Artuqid Empire, Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir, is dedicated and the date is placed on an inscription on the wall. The building is now a historic landmark in the city of Mardin, now located in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#January–March", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – (16 Dhu al-Qadah 794 AH) Muhammed VII succeeds his father, Yusuf II, as Sultan of the Emirate of Granada (modern-day southern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#October–December", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – (7 Shawwal 797 AH) Ali ibn Ajlan, the Emir of Mecca is killed and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#July–September", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – (27 Dhu al-Qadah 803 A.H.) Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire, then carries out a massacre of its inhabitants, including women and children, as punishment for resisting his rule. According to accounts later, \"90,000 human heads were piled up on the public places of the town.\" The only persons spared death are \"theologians, shaikhs and dervishes\", and the only buildings not demolished are \"mosques, universities and hostels.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#July–September", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – (6 Jumada al-Awwal 805 A.H.) With 4,000 troops, Tamerlane, Amir of the Timurid Empire covering much of what is now Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan begins the Siege of Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey). Smyrna is captured after two days of attacks on its outer walls. After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire Christian population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#October–December", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – (4 Dhu al-Hijjah 828 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan becomes the Emir of Mecca for the third and last time, after having been replaced for 18 months by Ali ibn Inan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#October_–December", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (17 Jumada II 829 AH) – Hasan ibn Ajlan, who has been allowed to leave Cairo after being appointed by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan as the Emir of Mecca and paying the first installment of a fee of 30,000 dinars, dies on the way back to Mecca. The Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, summons Hasan's sons Barakat ibn Hasan and Ibrahim ibn Hasan to Cairo to complete payment of the remaining 25,000 dinars owed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#April–June", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 (11 Shawwal 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan, son of the late Hasan ibn Ajlan, is confirmed by the Egyptian Sultan Barsbay as the new Emir of Mecca, conditioned on paying the remaining 25,000 dinars owed by Hasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#July–September", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 (15 Dhu al-Qidah 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan arrives in Mecca to officially assume the powers of the Emir of Mecca, after taking back over from his brother Abu al-Qasim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#July–September", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – 18 (Dhu al-Hijjah 832 AH) The Hafsid Sultanate Saracens, ruled by the Hafsid Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II and commanded by Kaid Ridavan, depart from Tunis with 70 ships and 18,000 troops in an attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#July–September", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – (Rajab 9, 837 AH) King Alfonso V of Aragon ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily as well, contracts with tapestry weaver Guillem d'Uxelles to Flanders to begin learning the Flemish methods to be duplicated in Spain, beginning the \"Hispano-Flemish\" style.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#January–March", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – (5 Safar 849 AH) Sultan Muhammad of the Timurid Empire in Iran arrives in Isfahan and forces out a disloyal governor, Sa'adat, then declares an amnesty on taxes, stages a feast and celebration, and appoints Shah Ala' al-Din Naqib as the new governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#April–June", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – (5 Safar 851 AH) Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar becomes the new leader of the tariqa (order) of Süleymancılar among adherents of Sufism in what is now Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#April_–_June", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – (28 Zilhicce 855 AH) In Mamluk ruled Egypt, the Amir Asanbay al-Jamali al-Zahiri returns from a trip to the Ottoman Empire with a group of Ottoman diplomats, and the Mamluk Sultan Mehmed II hosts them at a banquet, granting them a private audience the next day. The Ottomans depart on January 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#October–December", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – (22 Rajab 873 AH) At the Battle of Qarabagh, in what is now Azerbaijan, troops led by Uzun Hasan, ruler of Aq Qoyunlu, decisively defeat the Timurids of Samrkand, ruled by Abu Sa'id Mirza. Mirza is taken a prisoner of war and is executed four days later on February 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#January–March", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – (approximate date) Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah issues the Oran fatwa for Muslims in Spain (1 Rajab 910 AH in Islamic calendar, Gregorian date is approximate).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#October–December", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The Javanese calendar is commenced on this day by the order of Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate. It is the Javanese adaptation of the Hijri calendar, but it continues the year numbering of the Shaka era widely used in Java then, thus the calendar's epoch is 1 Sura 1555 AJ, corresponding with 1 Muharram 1043 AH.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#July–September", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#January–March", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The 13th century AH begins on the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram 1201 AH", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#October–December", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#November", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › November"}}]}