{"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q801", "qid": "Q801", "description": "country in West Asia", "entries": 103, "years": 62, "span": [-91, 2025], "span_label": ["92 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 46}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 30}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 9}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "lebanon", "label": "Lebanon", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "sinai-peninsula", "label": "Sinai Peninsula", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "beirut", "label": "Beirut", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "palestinian-people", "label": "Palestinian people", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hamas", "label": "Hamas", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "gaza-strip", "label": "Gaza Strip", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "suez-canal", "label": "Suez Canal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ramla", "label": "Ramla", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rashidun-caliphate", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Levant", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phannias ben Samuel, high priest of Israel", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Deaths", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius issues a decree that all Jews must become Christian; a massacre follows around Jerusalem and in Galilee (Israel), some survivors fleeing to the Daraa area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon (modern Israel). Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arabian_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near Ramlah (modern Israel) by Khumarawayh, ruler of the Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq to depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Arabian_Empire", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem (Israel), martyred", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Deaths", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Battle of Ramla: A Crusader force (some 1,100 men) under Baldwin I defeats the invading Fatimids at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin plunders the Fatimid camp and the survivors flee to Ascalon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Levant", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1102, "year_label": "1102 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders (500 knights) under King Baldwin I are defeated by the Fatimid army at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin and his companions escape through the enemy lines to Arsuf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265899#Levant", "title": "1102", "revid": 1365265899, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Levant", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – August – Battle of Belvoir Castle: Saladin crosses into Palestine round the south of the Sea of Galilee. King Baldwin IV (the Leper) of Jerusalem marches with his army back from Oultrejordain and attacks Saladin's forces near Belvoir Castle (modern Israel). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retires, claiming the victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On October 26, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to Mount Carmel (modern Israel).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Levant", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Nechama Rivlin, Israeli socialite, 10th First lady of Israel (d. 2019)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#June", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Births › June"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, CEO", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#May", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Births › May"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces after declaring war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#May", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#January", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Israeli government recognizes the People's Republic of China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#January", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – At a tribunal in The Hague, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from West Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#March–April", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg: Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#July–August", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel, after a bomb explodes at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#February", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#November", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Suez Crisis: The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#November", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement between Israel, France and the United Kingdom, is signed, allowing the former to invade the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and occupy the Suez Canal with the support of the other two governments, giving rise to the Suez Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and pushes Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#January", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi German war criminal Adolf Eichmann in order that he can be taken to Israel and put on trial. This is announced on May 23 by Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#May", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Adolf Eichmann is pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity for his part in The Holocaust by a war crimes tribunal of three Israeli judges. On December 15 he is sentenced to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#December", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21–23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Baháʼí Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Baháʼí World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370539540#April", "title": "1963", "revid": 1370539540, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Israel applies for membership in the European Economic Community, which is never granted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#October", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Six-Day War (approach): Israeli fighters shoot down 7 Syrian MIG-21s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#April", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#November", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#October", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Israeli submarine sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#January–February", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Fourteen men, 9 of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#January", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Golda Meir becomes the first female prime minister of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#March", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3–6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#September", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey Efraim Elrom is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#May", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Lod Airport massacre: Three Japanese Red Army members operating on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations kill 26 and injure 80 people at Lod Airport, Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5–6 – Munich massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after eight members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village; five guerillas and one policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#September", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Operation Spring of Youth: Israeli commandos raid Beirut, assassinating 3 leaders of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. The Lebanese army's inaction brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Saeb Salam, a Sunni Muslim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#April", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. There are 108 fatalities, and only five people on board survive (one crew member and four passengers).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#February", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Kiryat Shmona massacre takes place in Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#March–April", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Entebbe Raid: Israeli airborne commandos free 103 hostages being held by Palestinian hijackers of an Air France plane at Uganda's Entebbe Airport; Yonatan Netanyahu and several Ugandan soldiers are killed in the raid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#July", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, wins the national elections in Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#May", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#November", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta win the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 for Israel with their song A-Ba-Ni-Bi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#April", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Coastal Road massacre: Palestinian terrorists kill 34 Israelis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#March", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Operation Litani: Israeli forces invade Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#March", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – The Khomeini government in Iran cuts diplomatic relations with Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#February", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#March", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Milk and Honey win the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 for Israel, with the song Hallelujah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#March", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#November", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Vela incident: The \"South Atlantic Flash\" is observed near the Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, thought to be a nuclear weapons test conducted by South Africa and Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#September", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#July", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Lebanese Civil War: Israeli aircraft bomb Beirut, destroying multi-story apartment blocks containing the offices of PLO-associated groups, killing approximately 300 civilians and resulting in worldwide condemnation and a U.S. embargo on the export of aircraft to Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#July", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt, one week after the assassination of Anwar Sadat during a parade, by servicemen who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization led by Khalid Islambouli and oppose his negotiations with Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#October", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#April", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – The 1982 Lebanon War begins: Israeli forces under Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their \"Operation Peace for the Galilee,\" eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. The United Nations Security Council votes to demand that Israel withdraw its troops from Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#June", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#May", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Hayim Association is founded by Rina Zaizov Marx and parents of children with cancer as paediatric oncology department in Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#June", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Start of Operation Moses, the evacuation of refugee Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel via Brussels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#November", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Israel begins withdrawing troops from Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#February", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Operation Wooden Leg: The Israeli air force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization headquarters near Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#October", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Human rights activist Natan Sharansky is released by Soviet authorities and leaves the country for Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#February", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#June", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#April", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, the first Palestinian suicide attack on Israel, takes place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#July", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#October", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#September", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#December", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Oslo I Accord: Following initially secret talks from earlier in the year, PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington, D.C. after signing a peace accord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#September", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration as a preliminary to signature on October 25 of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#July", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#June", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Israeli government launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, consisting of massive attacks on Lebanon, in retaliation for \"terrorist attacks\", and sparking off a violent series of retaliations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#April", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#April", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3–4 – Two suicide bombs explode in Israel, killing 32 people. The Yahya Ayyash Units admit responsibility, and Palestinian president Yasser Arafat condemns the killings in a televised address. Israel warns of retaliation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#March", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#May", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that becomes the Second Intifada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371541477#September", "title": "2000", "revid": 1371541477, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Israel becomes the 33rd member of the OECD.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#September", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#October", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#November", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#December", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO, and is immediately followed by Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#October", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14–18 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2019 takes place in Tel Aviv, Israel, and is won by Dutch entrant Duncan Laurence with the song \"Arcade\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#May", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Israel and the UAE agree to normalise relations, marking the third Israel–Arab peace deal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#August", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces the termination of all agreements, including security ones, with Israel and the United States in response to Israel's plans to annex the Jordan Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations, marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#October", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Bahrain and Israel agree to normalise relations, marking the fourth Israel–Arab peace deal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#September", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Turkey and Israel agree to restore full diplomatic relations after a period of tensions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#August", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – August 7 – Israel launches airstrikes in the Gaza Strip, killing Islamic Jihad military leader Tayseer Jabari. Both parties agree to a ceasefire after three days of skirmish.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#August", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh is killed by the Israel Defence Forces while covering a raid in Jenin. Initially, Israel denied responsibility but later admitted to the killing and issued an apology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#May", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Widespread unrest erupts in Israel following an Israeli military raid in Jenin the previous day, which killed nine Palestinians. Incendiary air balloons are launched into Israeli-populated areas following it. Israel responds with targeted airstrikes. Later the same day, seven Jewish civilians are killed in a synagogue in Neve Yaakov in a terrorist attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#January", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Israel intercepted a Yemeni Houthi ballistic missile with its Arrow 2 missile defense system. The interception occurred above Earth's atmosphere above the Negev Desert, making it the first instance of space combat in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#October", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – Gaza war: Hamas launches an incursion into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,100 Israelis and taking about 240 hostages, prompting a military response from the Israel Defense Forces. Israel launches numerous air strikes on Lebanon after rockets are fired by Hezbollah and further attempts are made to penetrate Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#October", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Iran launches retaliatory strikes against Israel after an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus earlier in the month.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#April", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Gaza war: The UN's International Court of Justice rules that Israel must take all measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, but stops short of ordering an immediate halt to operations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#January", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17–18 – Thirty-two people are killed and more than 3,200 are injured after pagers and walkie-talkies used by Hezbollah militants and medics explode in two massive cyberattacks. Israel is the presumed perpetrator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#September", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – Israel becomes the first country to recognize Somaliland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#December", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Gaza war: Israel and Hamas approve a ceasefire agreement that seeks to end the war, exchange Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners, and allow in international aid. It takes effect on January 19.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#January", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Israel intercepts the Global Sumud Flotilla, a fleet carrying humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip, in international waters, arresting 443 activists from 47 countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#October", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › October"}}]}