{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38", "qid": "Q38", "description": "country in southern Europe", "entries": 276, "years": 258, "span": [-549, 2022], "span_label": ["550 BCE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 88}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 47}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 30}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 30}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 23}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 20}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 9}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "duchy-of-benevento", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-the-lombards", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "duchy-of-spoleto", "label": "Duchy of Spoleto", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "taranto", "label": "Taranto", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ravenna", "label": "Ravenna", "shared": 7}], "items": [{"year": -549, "year_label": "550 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Hera I is built in what is now Paestum, Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356470815#Events", "title": "550 BC", "revid": 1356470815, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -523, "year_label": "524 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cumae - An army of Umbrians, Daunians, Etruscans, and others is defeated by the Greeks of Cumae, present-day Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358121888#Southern_Italy", "title": "524 BC", "revid": 1358121888, "section": "Events › By place › Southern Italy"}}, {"year": -473, "year_label": "474 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse, allied with naval forces from the maritime Greek cities of southern Italy defeats the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598367#Italy", "title": "474 BC", "revid": 1360598367, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The construction of a sculpture of a Young Warrior (subsequently found in the sea off Riace, Italy) is begun and completed approximately ten years later. It is now preserved at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Arts", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Polykleitos starts making the bronze statue Achilles (also known as The Spear Bearer or Doryphoros), which he finishes about ten years later. A Roman copy of the original bronze is now kept in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Arts", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -432, "year_label": "433 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the southwest corner of Italy and Leontini in southeast Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173211#Greece", "title": "433 BC", "revid": 1354173211, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Greece", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites, who begin to take control of the Campanian plain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Italy", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -420, "year_label": "421 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Cumae, the most northerly of the Greek colonies in Italy, falls to the Samnites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172919#Italy", "title": "421 BC", "revid": 1354172919, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius the Elder ruthlessly consolidates and expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse and fortifies Epipolae. The Greek citizens of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini are removed from their cities; many of them are enslaved and their homes are given to Sicilian and Italian mercenaries. Dionysius prepares his army to fight against Carthage, which now occupies western and southern Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Sicily", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, begins an attempt to extend his rule to the Greek cities of southern Italy. He unsuccessfully besieges Rhegium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Sicily", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -389, "year_label": "390 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Battle of the Allia: Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of Italy, leads an army of Cisalpine Gauls in their attack on Rome. They capture the entire city of Rome except for the Capitoline Hill, which is successfully held against them. However, seeing their city devastated, the Romans attempt to buy their salvation from Brennus. The Romans agree to pay one thousand pounds weight of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650562#Roman_Republic", "title": "390 BC", "revid": 1367650562, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -386, "year_label": "387 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "With the aid of the Lucanians, Dionysius I of Syracuse devastates the territories of Thurii, Crotone, and Locri in mainland Italy. When Rhegium falls, Dionysius becomes the chief power in Greek Southern Italy. He then turns his attention to the Adriatic and founds the colonies of Ancona (Ankon) and Adria (Adrìa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650579#Sicily_and_Adriatic", "title": "387 BC", "revid": 1367650579, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily and Adriatic"}}, {"year": -353, "year_label": "354 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Reflecting the growing level of discontent with his tyrannical conduct, Dion is assassinated by Callippus, an Athenian who has accompanied him on his expedition to take over as tyrant of Syracuse. Dionysius II remains in exile in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291610084#Greece", "title": "354 BC", "revid": 1291610084, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The native Italian tribes, the Lucanians and Bruttians, press down upon the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, including Tarentum. Responding to calls for help from these former Greek colonies, King Archidamus III of Sparta sets sail with a band of mercenaries for Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Italy", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III of Sparta, after five years of campaigning in southern Italy, fails to achieve any decisive results and while leading a mercenary army to help Tarentum against the Lucanians, is killed with most of his troops at Manduria in Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Epirus, at the request of the colony of Taras (Tarentum) crosses over into Italy, to aid them against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He wins victories over the Italian Samnite tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Italy", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tarentum turns against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he intends to create a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Italy", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their defeat by the Roman forces in Naples, the Samnites declare war on Rome starting the Second Samnite War. To help defeat the Samnites, the Romans make alliances with the peoples of Central Italy to the north of Samnium and with the Apulians to the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Roman_Republic", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The tyrant Agathocles of Syracuse takes on the title of King of Sicily. He extends his influence into southern Italy and the Adriatic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Sicily", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -282, "year_label": "283 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173238#Roman_Republic", "title": "283 BC", "revid": 1354173238, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Roman_Republic", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Greece", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon. This allows him to go to southern Italy with his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Greece", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus realizes that he cannot capture Rome and suggests peace terms to the Romans. Pyrrhus sends his chief advisor, Cineas, to Rome to negotiate a peace. Cineas demands that the Romans halt their aggression against the Greeks of southern Italy and restore the lands the Romans have taken from the Bruttii, the Apulians, and the Samnites. The Romans reject his demands, largely at the instigation of the former Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Roman_Republic", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -277, "year_label": "278 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed king of Sicily. He plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to inherit Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129454#Sicily", "title": "278 BC", "revid": 1350129454, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia defeating Antigonus II Gonatas at the Battle of the Aous and conquering Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Greece", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Roman_Republic", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (southern Italy) from the Mamertines and the defeat of the Brutians, the Lucanians, the Calabrians and the Samnites. The town of Rhegium is then restored by the Romans to its Greek inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Roman_Republic", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -224, "year_label": "225 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria and plunder the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368090005#Roman_Republic", "title": "225 BC", "revid": 1368090005, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -223, "year_label": "224 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by Consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat the coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes at the Battle of Telamon thus extending Roman influence over northern Italy. On the Roman side Gaius Atilius Regulus, commander of the Roman cavalry, is killed in the battle. On the Gallic side, one of the leaders, Concolitanus, is captured in battle, while the leader of the Gaesatae, Aneroëstes, kills himself when the battle is lost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172702#Roman_Republic", "title": "224 BC", "revid": 1354172702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Roman_Republic", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Deaths", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region; the kingdom of Macedonia, the Aetolians, the strengthened Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader, Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Greece", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -176, "year_label": "177 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242433424#Roman_Republic", "title": "177 BC", "revid": 1242433424, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Roman_Republic", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Aemilius Paulus returns to Italy with the King of Macedonia, Perseus, as his prisoner for his triumphal procession in Rome, where the Macedonians captured are sold into slavery. The huge amount of booty brought home after the battle enriches Rome allowing the Government to relieve her citizens of direct taxation. As a gesture of acknowledgment for his achievements in Macedonia, the senate awards Lucius Aemilius Paulus the surname Macedonicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Roman_Republic", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, as consul, is sent against the slaves in Italy. Gaius Marius serves under Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Roman_Republic", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -103, "year_label": "104 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rome enacts a state of emergency, as the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305141071#Roman_Republic", "title": "104 BC", "revid": 1305141071, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -99, "year_label": "100 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The building of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, is begun. The model of it is now kept at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643460#Roman_Republic", "title": "100 BC", "revid": 1355643460, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -89, "year_label": "90 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Corfinium in south-central Italy is the center of a rebellion against Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332493065#Roman_Republic", "title": "90 BC", "revid": 1332493065, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -82, "year_label": "83 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Lucius Cornelius Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns in Greece and lands with his legions unopposed at Brundisium. He defeats the popular forces of Gaius Norbanus in the Battle of Mount Tifata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369868116#Roman_Republic", "title": "83 BC", "revid": 1369868116, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -71, "year_label": "72 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Spartacus decides to camp near Thurii. Marcus Licinius Crassus with ten Roman legions tries to trap the rebels in the toe of Italy. He builds a trench and a low earth rampart (with a fortified palisade).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338545736#Roman_Republic", "title": "72 BC", "revid": 1338545736, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -40, "year_label": "41 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Perusine War: An armed resistance breaks out across Italy; the Umbrian city of Sentinum is captured and destroyed by Quintus Salvidienus Rufus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079508#Roman_Republic", "title": "41 BC", "revid": 1267079508, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony leaves Alexandria. After receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Egypt", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Egypt"}}, {"year": -14, "year_label": "15 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Drusus decides to improve the passage through the Alps for military control of Noricum and Raetia and builds the Via Claudia Augusta through Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034323#Roman_Empire", "title": "15 BC", "revid": 1372034323, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Dio Chrysostom is banished from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia, after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 117, "year_label": "117 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan falls seriously ill and dies of a stroke at Selinus in Cilicia, age 63, while en route from Mesopotamia to Italy, leaving the Roman Empire at its maximal territorial extent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187799#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 117", "revid": 1371187799, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 125, "year_label": "125 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. (or was it around 125 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188707#Africa", "title": "AD 125", "revid": 1371188707, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 131, "year_label": "131 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325705088#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 131", "revid": 1325705088, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 197, "year_label": "197 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314350#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 197", "revid": 1371314350, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 238, "year_label": "238 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227244#Roman_Empire", "title": "238", "revid": 1371227244, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 249, "year_label": "249 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Trajan Decius puts down a revolt in Moesia and Pannonia. Loyal legionaries proclaim him emperor, and he leads them into Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227182#Roman_Empire", "title": "249", "revid": 1371227182, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aureolus, charged with defending Italy, defeats Victorinus (co-emperor of Gaul), is proclaimed emperor by his troops, and begins his march on Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 268, "year_label": "268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Alamanni invade Italy north of the Po River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890231#Roman_Empire", "title": "268", "revid": 1325890231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 271, "year_label": "271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Placentia: The Iuthungi invade Italy and sack the city of Piacenza. A Roman army under Emperor Aurelian is ambushed and defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347633744#Roman_Empire", "title": "271", "revid": 1347633744, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florianus becomes Roman Emperor with the support of the Senate, but a general in the east, Marcus Aurelius Probus, usurps power against him. Florianus breaks off his campaign against the Goths and marches east from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 340, "year_label": "340 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine II, emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire (Britain, Gaul, the Rhine provinces and Iberia), crosses the Alps and attacks the army of his brother Constans I, emperor of the central part of the Roman Empire (Upper Danube, Italy and middle Africa). They clash at Aquileia in northern Italy. Constantine is killed in a skirmish by an ambush of Constans' troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281359942#Roman_Empire", "title": "340", "revid": 1281359942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Magnentius flees to Aquileia in northern Italy and fortifies the mountain passes in the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Roman_Empire", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantius II invades northern Italy in pursuit of the usurper Magnus Magnentius, who withdraws with his army to Gaul. He declares an amnesty for Magnentius' soldiers, many of whom desert to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Roman_Empire", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – In Mediolanum (Italy), Emperor Constantius II raises his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of Caesar. He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Roman_Empire", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 375, "year_label": "375 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army fear a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes Mediolanum (Milan) her residence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205031#Roman_Empire", "title": "375", "revid": 1349205031, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Maximus invades Italy; he destroys Novara for supporting his rival Valentinian II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Roman_Empire", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 387, "year_label": "387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205014#Roman_Empire", "title": "387", "revid": 1349205014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 394, "year_label": "394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Huns cross the frozen Danube and destroy the villages built by the Goths. Theodosius I, six hundred miles away in Italy, sends no reinforcements to defend the northern frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369162073#Roman_Empire", "title": "394", "revid": 1369162073, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "An estimated 330,000 acres of farmland lie abandoned in Campania (southern Italy), partly as a consequence of malaria from mosquitoes bred in swampy areas, but mostly because imprudent agriculture has ruined the land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Agriculture", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By topic › Agriculture"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (comes) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Roman_Empire", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 401, "year_label": "401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334186664#Roman_Empire", "title": "401", "revid": 1334186664, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 402, "year_label": "402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326555519#Roman_Empire", "title": "402", "revid": 1326555519, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Roman_Empire", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Venice is founded at twelve o'clock noon (according to legend) with the dedication of the first church, San Giacomo, at the islet of Rialto (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Roman_Empire", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric (\"Caesar King\"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Roman civil war: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy) in battle. His rival comes Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge with the Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Roman_Empire", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 433, "year_label": "433 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius returns to Italy with the support of the Huns. He gains control over the young emperor Valentinian III, and becomes his \"protector\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274814907#Roman_Empire", "title": "433", "revid": 1274814907, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as a port for their expeditions. Genseric establishes a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Africa", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 444, "year_label": "444 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eudocia, eldest daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, is betrothed to Huneric, son of Vandal King Genseric (hostage in Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289774779#Europe", "title": "444", "revid": 1289774779, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Remodelling of the Dome of Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna (Italy) begins (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Europe", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The remodeling of the dome of Baptistry of Neon at Ravenna (Italy) is finished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Art", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 473, "year_label": "473 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Euric orders the invasion of Italy, but is defeated by Glycerius. The Visigoths withdraw to Gaul, and conquer the cities of Arles and Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747615#Europe", "title": "473", "revid": 1364747615, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic/Scirian foederati), visits the imperial palace at Ravenna. He petitions Orestes (magister militum) to reward his mercenaries for their services and their support of his rebellion a year earlier, by making good on his promise to grant them lands to settle permanently in Italy. Orestes refuses this proposal and Odoacer leads his tribesmen in a revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 479, "year_label": "479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, plans military campaigns in Dalmatia against Odoacer, hoping to regain control of Italy himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360119770#Europe", "title": "479", "revid": 1360119770, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 490, "year_label": "490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Alaric II supports Theodoric in his conquest of Italy, by dispatching a Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755224#Europe", "title": "490", "revid": 1364755224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 493, "year_label": "493 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege, and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, who steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790263#Europe", "title": "493", "revid": 1340790263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 493, "year_label": "493 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Odoacer, first \"barbarian\" king of Italy (b. 433)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790263#Deaths", "title": "493", "revid": 1340790263, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 497, "year_label": "497 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I gives formal recognition to the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great, as his representative (viceroy) in Italy. He sends the imperial standard to Ravenna. Theodoric respects the agreement and allows Roman citizens within the Ostrogothic Kingdom to be subject to Roman law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "497", "revid": 1364907664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 508, "year_label": "508 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I formally recognizes Clovis I of the Salian Franks as ruler of Gaul. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 100 warships to raid the coasts of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907761#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "508", "revid": 1364907761, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 512, "year_label": "512 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great grants citizens on Mount Vesuvius exemption from taxes, after a severe eruption in southeastern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170659#Europe", "title": "512", "revid": 1369170659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great builds the Mausoleum of Theodoric as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Europe", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The death of Amalasuintha gives Byzantine Emperor Justinian I a pretext to invade Italy and begin the Gothic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Europe", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December", "text": "December – Belisarius sends John \"the Sanguinary\" with a force of 2,000 men towards Picenum, to plunder the east coast of Italy. He arrives at Ariminum (Rimini), where he is welcomed by the local population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Belisarius consolidates Italy and begins mopping-up operations, capturing the Gothic fortifications. The cities Ticinum and Verona north of River Po remain in Gothic hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I recalls Belisarius from Italy to handle the situation in Armenia. He arrives in Upper Mesopotamia and attacks the fortress city of Nisbis. After an unsuccessful siege he ravages the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I sends Narses, Byzantine general, to the rulers of the Heruli, to recruit troops for the campaigns in Italy and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Teia becomes the last king of the Ostrogoths in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Europe", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Europe", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 576, "year_label": "576 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Baduarius, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor Justin II, is sent to Italy to resist the Lombard conquest. He leads an aborted counter-assault against the Lombards and dies soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801569#Europe", "title": "576", "revid": 1340801569, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Page with the Crucifixion, from the \"Rabbula Gospels\", at the Monastery of St. John in Beth Zagba (Syria), is completed. It is now kept at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Art", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 588, "year_label": "588 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombard Kingdom (Italy) is converted to Roman Catholicism under the rule of King Authari (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753170#Europe", "title": "588", "revid": 1364753170, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Europe", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gisulf I, duke of Friuli (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Deaths", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A locust swarm destroys the harvest in Northern Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Europe", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 592, "year_label": "592 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Faroald I, duke of Spoleto (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754934#Deaths", "title": "592", "revid": 1364754934, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Euin, Lombard duke of Trent (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Deaths", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maurice makes peace with King Agilulf, conceding northern Italy. Pope Gregory I the Great negotiates a truce, ending 30 years of Lombard terror. Agilulf expands the Lombard Kingdom by occupying Sutri and Perugia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Europe", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 606, "year_label": "606 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Paterius, bishop of Brescia (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802689#Deaths", "title": "606", "revid": 1340802689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Grasulf II becomes the Lombard Duke of Friuli (Italy), after the assassination of his nephews, Tasso and Kakko, in Oderzo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Europe", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arechis I, duke of Benevento (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Deaths", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit returns to Lombardy from exile and reclaims his realm, which is being ruled on behalf of Garibald, since his father King Grimoald I died. He deposes the young king, and becomes the new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy. During his reign Perctarit makes Catholicism the official religion, but does not recognize papal authority. Grimoald is buried in the St. Ambrogio Church (Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Europe", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Perctarit of the Lombards is assassinated by a conspiracy, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Cunipert, who is crowned ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Europe", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Grimoald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Deaths", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 694, "year_label": "694 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rodoald, duke of Friuli (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806245#Deaths", "title": "694", "revid": 1340806245, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Raginpert dies, and King Liutpert (succeeded and deposed in 700) returns to the throne of the Lombards. Raginpert's son Aripert captures Liutpert at his capital in Pavia, and will have him strangled in his bath. Aripert becomes new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Europe", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Faroald II, duke of Spoleto, attacks the Exarchate of Ravenna in Italy, after the death of his father Thrasimund I. King Aripert II of the Lombards, desiring good relations with the Byzantine Empire and papacy, refuses to assist him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Europe", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Duke Gisulf I of Benevento captures the cities of Sora, Arpino, and Arce (Central Italy). He marches as far as Horrea, plundering and burning, before he is confronted with gifts by the ambassadors of Pope John VI, who ransom many of his captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Europe", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emperor Justinian II sends a punitive expedition to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ansprand, duke of Asti, returns from exile to Italy with a large Bavarian army. Many Austrians (with troops of Venetia) join him in support. King Aripert II, who usurped the throne in 701, is defeated and tries to escape from Pavia to Gaul with his treasury, but drowns in the Ticino River. He is the last Bavarian to wear the Iron Crown (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Europe", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 726, "year_label": "726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III issues a series of edicts banning the veneration of images (726–729), and launching the iconoclastic controversies. Most of the clergy – particularly in Italy and Greece – are opposed to these edicts with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the Byzantine Empire the people refuse to obey his religious reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808661#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "726", "revid": 1340808661, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A revolt breaks out in Italy against Leo's Iconoclasm; this results in the independence of the Exarchate of Ravenna, after part of a Byzantine invasion force is lost in a storm in the Adriatic Sea, and the remainder of Byzantine troops are repulsed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Europe", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 728, "year_label": "728 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards occupies all of the Exarchate of Ravenna. He advances towards Rome along the Via Cassia, and is met at the city of Sutri by Pope Gregory II, near the borders of the Duchy of Rome. Liutprand signs the Donation of Sutri, by which parts of Latium are given to the papacy (the first extension of papal territory in Italy). This marks the historical foundation of the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808673#Europe", "title": "728", "revid": 1340808673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Romuald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Deaths", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III confiscates the papal territories in Sicily and Calabria (Southern Italy), from which Pope Gregory III derives most of his income tax. He transfers ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. By now the break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December", "text": "December – King Liutprand of the Lombards attempts to counter the growing independence of the Lombard duchies in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards meets Pope Zachary at Terni (Central Italy), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a pious Catholic and signs a 20-year peace treaty, restoring the cities of the Duchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento absorb into the Lombard Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Europe", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lupus, duke of Spoleto (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Deaths", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 753, "year_label": "753 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Grifo, Frankish duke and illegitimate son of Charles Martel, rebels against King Pepin III (\"the Short\") (his half-brother), in alliance with the Bretons. He flees to Italy to join King Aistulf of the Lombards, but is caught and killed while passing the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809798#Europe", "title": "753", "revid": 1340809798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Franks under Pepin III invade Italy, and defeat the Lombards under King Aistulf, in the Susa Valley (Piedmont). He enforces the terms, including cession of the Exarchate of Ravenna to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Europe", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Pepin III receives a Byzantine delegation at his court in Gentilly (southern suburbs of Paris). They discuss foreign policy regarding Italy, and Byzantine Iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Europe", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard, son of Charles Martel, cross the Alps with a Frankish expeditionary force at the request of Pope Adrian I. At the foot of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Europe", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardorum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself \"Prince of Benevento\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: The Saxons again revolt against Christianity and Frankish rule. Eresburg falls, but a Saxon assault upon the castle of Syburg fails. Charlemagne hurriedly returns from Italy, launching a counter-offensive which defeats the Saxons. Most of their leaders are summoned to the Lippe at the town of Bad Lippspringe (North Rhine-Westphalia), to submit formally to Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Europe", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso (northern Italy), after putting down a rebellion in Friuli and Spoleto. He removes Hrodgaud of Friuli from power, and reforms the duchy as the March of Friuli (military frontier district). Co-conspirators who support the revolt are Arechis II, duke of Benevento, and Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius. Frankish counts are placed in the cities of Friuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Europe", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hrodgaud, duke of Friuli (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Deaths", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne has his son Carloman (renamed Pepin) anointed \"King of Italy\", and he is crowned by Pope Adrian I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. His younger brother Charles I is anointed king of Aquitaine, and Louis the Pious (only 3-years old) is appointed sub-king of Italy and Aquitaine, following the conversion of Aquitaine from a Duchy to a sub-kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Europe", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Charlemagne returns from his campaign in Italy, and musters a Frankish army of available troops in Bavaria. He then marches to Saxony, probably to Eresburg. Charlemagne marches north, down the Weser to the Aller River, making camp near Verden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Europe", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Maurizio Galbaio, doge of Venice, dies after a 22-year reign and is succeeded by his son Giovanni. He begins a vendetta against the patriarch of Grado (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Europe", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine troops led by Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius, invade southern Italy. His attempts are thwarted by the Franks, who attack territories in Benevento, obtaining notably the annexion of Chieti (Spoleto).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Council of Frankfurt: King Charlemagne calls for a church meeting of the Frankish realm. Bishops and priests from Francia, Aquitaine, Italy, and Provence are gathered in Franconofurd (modern-day Frankfurt am Main).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Religion", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Europe", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Jewish merchants in Lombardy open the first bank (or money repository) in Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Finance", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Events › By topic › Finance"}}, {"year": 818, "year_label": "818 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – King Bernard of Italy, illegitimate son of Pepin of Italy, is tried and condemned to death by Emperor Louis I. The Kingdom of Italy is reabsorbed into the Frankish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941123#Europe", "title": "818", "revid": 1340941123, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 819, "year_label": "819 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cadolah, duke of Friuli (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941210#Deaths", "title": "819", "revid": 1340941210, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 822, "year_label": "822 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Winiges, duke of Spoleto (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074664#Deaths", "title": "822", "revid": 1267074664, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adelard, duke of Spoleto (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#Deaths", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 825, "year_label": "825 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis II, king of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941320#Births", "title": "825", "revid": 1340941320, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Louis the Pious is reinstated as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. He promises his sons Pepin I and Louis the German a greater share of the inheritance. His eldest son Lothair I is pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Europe", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 834, "year_label": "834 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adelchis I, duke of Spoleto (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941786#Deaths", "title": "834", "revid": 1340941786, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Landulf I, gastald (or count) of Capua (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Deaths", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of Emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II, and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia, and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 855, "year_label": "855 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sico II, prince of Salerno (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256482#Deaths", "title": "855", "revid": 1350256482, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 855, "year_label": "855 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Emperor Lothair I dies after a 15-year reign (co-ruling with his father Louis the Pious until 840). He divides the Middle Frankish Kingdom between his three sons in an agreement called the Treaty of Prüm—the eldest, Louis II, receives the northern half of Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The second, Lothair II, receives Lotharingia (the Low Countries and Upper Burgundy). The youngest, Charles, receives Lower Burgundy and Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256482#Central_Europe", "title": "855", "revid": 1350256482, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The weather is so severe that the Adriatic Sea freezes, and Italy is covered in snow for 100 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Europe", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats the Saracen invaders who are ravaging southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Europe", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Louis II, king of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor (b. 825)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Deaths", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – King Charles the Bald, supported by Pope John VIII, travels to Italy. He receives the Imperial Regalia at Pavia, and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Charles II at Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Europe", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "At the invitation of Benevento, the newly-restored Byzantine fleet appears in the waters off Otranto. On the orders of Emperor Basil I, the Byzantines sail up the Adriatic Sea and reconquer part of southern Italy. The city of Bari is occupied in the name of the Byzantine Empire. Instead of holding it for his 'ally' Adelchis of Benevento, Basil makes it the capital of the new Byzantine Theme of Longobardia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charles the Fat travels to Nonantola (Northern Italy), where he meets Pope Marinus I. He receives complaints of Guy II of Spoleto, who is the official \"protector\" of Rome, and invades the Papal States. King Charles orders Guy to appear before a tribunal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Europe", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 887, "year_label": "887 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – In an assembly at Pavia (Northern Italy), the lords of Lombardia elect Berengar I, a grandson of former emperor Louis the Pious (through his daughter Gisela), as king of Italy. He is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. After the deposition of Charles the Fat, the nobility chooses Ranulf II as duke (or 'king') of Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370364971#Europe", "title": "887", "revid": 1370364971, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Adalbert II, margrave of Tuscany, revolts against Emperor Louis III (\"the Blind\"). He helps the deposed King Berengar I to recover the Kingdom of Italy. Louis III is forced to abdicate the Lombard throne and flees to Provence, compelled to promise never to return to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Anscar I, margrave of Ivrea (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Deaths", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Hungarians invade Saxony and force King Henry I (the Fowler) to retreat into the Castle of Werla. He makes a pact and agrees to pay them tribute for 9 years. They return to the Po Valley and sack the cities of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#Europe", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 927, "year_label": "927 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians fight in Rome, helping Margrave Peter against Pope John X. They then go to southern Italy, and conquer the cities of Taranto and Oria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341517107#Europe", "title": "927", "revid": 1341517107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Guy (\"the Philosopher\"), margrave of Tuscany (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, cedes Lower Burgundy to Rudolph II, in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the imperial crown, and induces the Italian nobility to recognize his son Lothair II as the co-ruler of Lombardia (Regnum Italiae).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Europe", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 940, "year_label": "940 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Atenulf II, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512049#Deaths", "title": "940", "revid": 1341512049, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pietro Participazio, doge of Venice (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Deaths", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 943, "year_label": "943 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916983#Deaths", "title": "943", "revid": 1364916983, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Berengar of Ivrea invades Italy with hired Lombard troops and takes up residence in Milan. Berengar proceeds to Verona, where he is joined by forces of Count Milo and other partisans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mastalus I, penultimate patricius of Amalfi (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Deaths", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mastalus II, duke and patrician of Amalfi (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Deaths", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Diet of Verona: Emperor Otto II (the Red) declares war against the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Sicily. He assembles a large expeditionary force for a renewal of an invasion in Calabria (Southern Italy). Otto gifts the Rheingau (\"Rhine District\") to the Archbishopric of Mainz during the 'Veronese donation'. Otto III is elected king of Germany and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King Henry II arrives at Rome and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor together with his wife Cunigunde by Pope Benedict VIII in St. Peter's Basilica. Henry establishes the Diocese of Bobbio (Northern Italy) and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Europe", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Countess Mathilda of Tuscany leads a successful expedition in northern Italy and takes Ferrara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Europe", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, arrives in Apulia (Southern Italy) after an absence of 9 years. He travels to Rome and meets Pope Paschal II. His cousin, Roger II becomes count of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1106, "year_label": "1106 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond I returns to Apulia (Southern Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266175#Europe", "title": "1106", "revid": 1365266175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The consuls of Bergamo are first mentioned, indicating that the city has become an independent commune in Lombardy (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Europe", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Venice pillages the islands of Rhodes, ravages Samos and Lesbos, and occupies Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Republic of Florence sacks and conquers the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The newly born Commune of Rome conquers and destroys the rival neighboring city of Albano (modern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Europe", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Italy is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Europe", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1222, "year_label": "1222 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Traditional date – The University of Padua is founded in Italy, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224827#Europe", "title": "1222", "revid": 1371224827, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Europe", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Europe", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Bartolomeo I della Scala becomes the new Lord of Verona, at the time a city-state in Italy that included most of the Veneto region (with the exception of Venice), upon the death of his father Alberto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#July–_September", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The 1314–1316 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Clement V begins at Carpentras Cathedral in Provence with 23 cardinals in attendance, of whom the votes of 16 are necessary to elect a new Pontiff. The cardinals are divided into three factions, none of which have more than eight people, with a group from Italy (led by Guillaume de Mandagot), who want to move the papacy back to Rome; nine from Gascony, most of whom are relatives of Pope Clement (led by Arnaud de Pellegrue); and five from Provence (led by Berengar Fredol).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#April_–_June", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – In Italy's Republic of Massa, coinage is resumed by arrangement of the Republic and of the Benzi family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#April_–_June", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – The city of Lucca in Italy pays the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the right for self-government, and Cardinal Guy de Montfort is appointed the imperial vicar to secure the debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#April–June", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Petrarch, Italian poet (b. 1304)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Deaths", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – James of Baux succeeds his uncle, Philip II, as Prince of Taranto (modern-day eastern Italy) and titular ruler of the Latin Empire (northern Greece and western Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#October–December", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – The Battle of Fornarina is fought in Italy when the independent village of San Ginesio (now in Italy's Macerata province) is invaded by mercenaries from the larger city of Fermo from a neighboring province. As the mercenaires cross through an unguarded and open gate, a baker in the middle of baking bread hears the troops approach, throws hot ashes into the first line of soldiers, and alerts the Ginosan troops who drive the invaders up a hill and over the side of a steep cliff.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#October–December", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (d. 1446)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#Births", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – The coronation of Count Onorato Caetani as the antipope Clement VII takes place in Italy at Fondi at the cathedral of San Pietro adjacent to the Caetani palace. Clement operates as a rival leader of the Roman Catholic Church for about a year before he and his cardinals relocate to Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#October–December", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1416, "year_label": "1416 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The Battle of Sant'Egidio is fought in Italy: soldier of fortune Braccio da Montone, Prince of Capua, conquers Umbria and its capital, Perugia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829186#July–September", "title": "1416", "revid": 1368829186, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Castello Orsini-Odescalchi is built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#Date_unknown", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The University of Turin, originally created in 1404 is re-established in Turin in Italy after having been absent since 1427. Prince Ludovico of Savoy grants ducal licenses to set up colleges of Law, of Arts and Medicine, and of Theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#October–December", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – In a battle on Lake Garda in Italy, a passage to the Adriatic Sea, ships from the Duchy of Milan defeat those of the Republic of Venice in battle and take control of the lake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#April–June", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#Date_unknown", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Milanese War of Succession begins in Italy when Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan since 1412, dies from natural causes. In that Visconti had no male heir, he had bequeathed the Duchy to King Afonso V, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples (in Italy) and the Crown of Aragon (in Spain), as well as his son-in-law Francesco I Sforza and Sigismund, Archduke of Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#July_–_September", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Fra Angelico, Italian painter (b. 1395)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#Deaths", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – In the Republic of Genoa in Italy, Spinetta Fregoso is elected by the republic's council as the new chief executive, the Doge. He remains in office for only six days before being forced to surrender to Lodovico di Campofregoso.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#July–September", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Baccio D'Agnolo, Italian woodcarver, sculptor and architect (d. 1543)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Births", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Lorenzo de' Medici becomes the Lord of Florence, the de facto executive of the Florentine Republic in Italy, upon the death of his father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#October–December", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Volterra, a town in the Republic of Florence in Italy, surrenders after a siege of 25 days by Florentine soldiers under the command of Federico da Montefeltro. Because the town had rebelled against the power of Lorenzo de' Medici, da Montefeltro allows his soldiers on June 18 to pillage Volterra and to commit rape and murder of its citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#April–June", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (b. 1409)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Deaths", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – The Siege of Shkodra in Albania begins. Federico Gonzaga becomes the new ruler of the independent Duchy of Mantua in Italy, three days after the death of his father, Ludovico III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#April–June", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the Treaty of Trente with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In Italy, Asher Lämmlein declares that the Jewish Messiah will arrive in the next 6 months, resulting in the year of penance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#Date_unknown", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#April–June", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza is created in Italy by order of Pope Paul III, formerly Alessandro Farnese, to be ruled by his son, Pier Luigi Farnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#July–September", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "In Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachi completes his Tabulae anatomicae, presenting his discoveries on the structure of the inner ear and heart, although, for fear of the Inquisition, it will not be published until 1714.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#Date_unknown", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – The small Stato dei Presidi, a 300 km2 section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of Italy, is created by a treaty between Cosimo I de' Medici (Duke of the Florentine Republic and the future Grand Duke of Tuscany) and King Felipe II of Spain. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former Republic of Siena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#July–September", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The oldest surviving violin (dated inside), known as the Charles IX, is made in Cremona, in northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#Date_unknown", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1563, "year_label": "1563 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – In Italy, Instituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, a constituent of the major financial group Sanpaolo IMI, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164885#January–March", "title": "1563", "revid": 1369164885, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Bartolomeo Eustachi, Italian anatomist", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#Deaths", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (b. 1527)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#Deaths", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman fleet crosses into the Western Mediterranean and raids the Italian coastline. In Corsica, the towns of Sartene and Arbellara are sacked (summer).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#Date_unknown", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (d. 1649)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#July–December", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – In Italy, Giovanni Giustiniani Campi is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa after a 12-day search for a successor to Battista Negrone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#October–December", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero has its premiere, stated in Florence in Italy. The opera will continue to be staged almost 400 years later, as late as the year 2018.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#January–March", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#July–September", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (b. 1589)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Deaths › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#July–September", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – A peace treaty is signed in Turin in Italy to end the War of the Banished between the Duchy of Savoy and the Waldensians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – In the city of Mantua in Italy, the world's oldest continuously published private newspaper, Gazzetta di Mantova, publishes its first-known issue. The newspaper would celebrate its 350th anniversary in 2014.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#April–June", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona, in the Papal States of Italy and causes 10 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#October–December", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Battle of Faenza: A French corps (9,000 men) under General Claude-Victor Perrin defeats the forces from the Papal States, at Castel Bolognese near Faenza, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#January–March", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – War of the First Coalition – Battle of Rivoli: French forces under General Napoleon Bonaparte defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under Feldzeugmeister József Alvinczi, near Rivoli (modern-day Italy), ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of Mantua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#January–March", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#April–June", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Battle of Rieti is fought in Italy between intervening Austrian forces and Neapolitan rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#January–March", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#October–December", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will later represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#January–March", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "De'Longhi home appliance brand is founded in Treviso, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318639#Date_unknown", "title": "1902", "revid": 1373318639, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#November–December", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Football Club Internazionale is founded in Milan, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#March", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Olivetti, the well-known typewriter and business equipment company, is founded in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Genoa Conference: The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak in Genoa, Italy about monetary economics, in the wake of World War I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#April", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – In Italy, the March on Rome brings the National Fascist Party and Benito Mussolini to power. Italy begins a period of dictatorship that lasts until the end of the Second World War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#October", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, the world's third purpose-built motorsport race track, is officially opened at Monza in the Lombardy Region of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#September", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) Stadium, well known among sports venues in Italy, officially opens in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#September", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Serie A, the top-class professional football league of Italy, replaces the Divisione Nazionale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#October", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#December", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – 1946 Turin Grand Prix, the first official Formula One Grand Prix, is held in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#September", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The 1956 Winter Olympics open in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#January", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#September", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The Treaty of Osimo is signed between Italy and Yugoslavia, resolving their dispute over Trieste. Under the agreement, a majority of the land area and residents go to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#November", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#Date_unknown", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – The Italian cargo ship Michelle ran aground just northwest of Dugi Otok.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Emanuela Orlandi, a 15-year-old Vatican girl, mysteriously disappears in Rome while returning home from a music lesson. The disappearance of the girl led to many speculations involving international terrorism, Italian organized crime, and even a plot inside the Vatican to cover a sexual scandal inside the Holy See. Because of all these theories, the Orlandi case would later become Italy's most famous mystery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti reveals the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO \"stay-behind\" operation in Italy during the Cold War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Waffen-SS Hauptsturmführer Erich Priebke is extradited from Argentina to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#June", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – 2000 Six Nations Championship in rugby union opens, the first year in which Italy takes part.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371541477#February", "title": "2000", "revid": 1371541477, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Viareggio train derailment occurred when a freight train carrying liquified petroleum gas derailed at Viareggio railway station in Lucca, Italy. The accident killed 32 people and injured 26 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#June", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – A constitutional referendum is held in Italy, resulting in the resignation of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#December", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Livraga derailment: A Frecciarossa high-speed train traveling from Milan to Salerno derailed in Livraga, Lombardy, Italy. Two people were killed, and 31 were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#February", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – COVID-19 pandemic: Italy becomes the first country to implement a nationwide quarantine in response to the COVID-19 outbreak.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#March", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18–May 22 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2021 is held in Rotterdam, Netherlands, after the cancellation of the 2020 contest due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The contest is won by Italian entrants Måneskin with the song \"Zitti e buoni\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#May", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–May 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2022 is held in Turin, Italy. The contest is won by Ukrainian folk-rap group Kalush Orchestra with their song \"Stefania\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#May", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › May"}}]}