{"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1218", "qid": "Q1218", "description": "city in the Middle East, holy to the three Abrahamic religions", "entries": 120, "years": 111, "span": [-1199, 2023], "span_label": ["1200 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 42}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 37}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 13}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 17}, {"slug": "church-of-the-holy-sepulchre", "label": "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "herod-the-great", "label": "Herod the Great", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "jew", "label": "Jew", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "temple-mount", "label": "Temple Mount", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "galilee", "label": "Galilee", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "parthian-empire", "label": "Parthian Empire", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -1199, "year_label": "1200 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1200 BC: The Israelite highland settlement takes place, with a notable increase in the settled population in the hills north of Jerusalem during this time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -956, "year_label": "957 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "957 BC: Solomon completes the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296816897#Events", "title": "10th century BC", "revid": 1296816897, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -537, "year_label": "538 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231289390#Near_East", "title": "538 BC", "revid": 1231289390, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": -443, "year_label": "444 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nehemiah, the Jewish cupbearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255871584#Persian_empire", "title": "444 BC", "revid": 1255871584, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jerusalem has been rebuilt and the power of Judaism's hereditary priesthood is firmly established.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Judea", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Judea"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jason removes Menelaus as High Priest in Jerusalem, which Antiochus IV regards as an affront to his majesty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Deaths", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Beth Zur was fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucid forces still control the Acra, a strong fortress within Jerusalem that faces the Temple Mount. Judas Maccabeus lays siege to the fortress and in response, the Seleucid general and regent to the young Seleucid king Antiochus V, Lysias, approaches Jerusalem and besieges Beth-zechariah, 25 kilometres from the city. Judas lifts his own siege on the Acra, and leads his army south to Beth-zechariah. In the ensuing Battle of Beth-zechariah, the Seleucids achieve their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judas is forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenic party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "With the Seleucid victory in Judea over the Maccabees, Alcimus is re-established as the High Priest of Israel, and a strong force is left in Jerusalem to support him. However, he does not enjoy his triumph for long, as he dies soon after from a paralytic stroke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Events › Greece › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of the rise of the pretender, Alexander Balas, Demetrius I Soter is forced to recall most of his garrisons in Judea. To retain control of Judea, he makes a bid to gain the loyalty of Jonathan Maccabeus, whom he permits to recruit an army and to take back the hostages that the Syrians are holding in the city of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepts these terms, takes up residence in Jerusalem and begins to fortify the city, becoming High Priest of Jerusalem until 143 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -151, "year_label": "152 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, makes contact with Jonathan Maccabeus offering him terms even more favorable than those offered by the king Demetrius I Soter. In particular, Alexander offers him the official appointment as High Priest in Jerusalem. In response, Jonathan withdraws his support from Demetrius and declares his allegiance to Alexander. Thus Jonathan becomes the first member of his family to achieve appointment as High Priest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242792269#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "152 BC", "revid": 1242792269, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -140, "year_label": "141 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of the city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020399#Syria_and_Judea", "title": "141 BC", "revid": 1326020399, "section": "Events › By place › Syria and Judea"}}, {"year": -75, "year_label": "76 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hyrcanus II becomes high priest of Jerusalem for the first time, on the death of his father, Alexander Jannaeus, until 66 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363027478#Judea", "title": "76 BC", "revid": 1363027478, "section": "Events › By place › Judea"}}, {"year": -63, "year_label": "64 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pompey annexes Syria and captures Jerusalem, annexing Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139759#Roman_Republic", "title": "64 BC", "revid": 1305139759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -63, "year_label": "64 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "64 BC Syria earthquake, mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. It affected the region of Syria and may have caused structural damage in the city of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139759#Syria", "title": "64 BC", "revid": 1305139759, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -52, "year_label": "53 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Aristobulus III, high priest of Jerusalem (d. 36 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862163#Births", "title": "53 BC", "revid": 1325862163, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Parthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who has only held the position for one year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aristobulus III, high priest of Jerusalem (Hasmonean dynasty)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Deaths", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -22, "year_label": "23 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodium in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287237096#Roman_Empire", "title": "23 BC", "revid": 1287237096, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -3, "year_label": "4 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Herod the Great dies, which causes unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea,and the governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, marches down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order; around 3000 Jews are crucified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 4 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 52, "year_label": "52 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ananias, a high priest in Jerusalem, is sent to Rome after being accused of violence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Palestine", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 52 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 58, "year_label": "58 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The apostle Paul returns to Jerusalem with the money he has collected to give the Christian community there. However, he is accused of defiling the temple, and is arrested and imprisoned in Caesarea. He then invokes his Roman citizenship and is sent to Rome to be judged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Palestine", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 58 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Jewish Revolt commences against the Roman Empire. The Zealots lay siege to Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III Cyrenaica). The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, and a brutal civil war erupts. The Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 68, "year_label": "68 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Titus sets up camp at Jericho and the Romans cut off escape routes toward Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330183058#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 68", "revid": 1330183058, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 69, "year_label": "69 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882081#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 69", "revid": 1367882081, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "About April 21 – Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, concentrating his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army begins trying to breach the wall using testudos, mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 71, "year_label": "71 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Herodium, a Jewish fortress south of Jerusalem, is conquered and destroyed by Legio X Fretensis on their way to Masada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185937#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 71", "revid": 1371185937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 75, "year_label": "75 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Peace, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, is built in Rome. The temple celebrates the conquest of Jerusalem (in AD 70) and houses the Menorah from Herod's Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364745397#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 75", "revid": 1364745397, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Zacchaeus of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Deaths", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 120, "year_label": "120 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Matthias of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191850#Deaths", "title": "AD 120", "revid": 1371191850, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 131, "year_label": "131 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian builds the city Aelia Capitolina, on the location of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325705088#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 131", "revid": 1325705088, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 133, "year_label": "133 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cyriacus, bishop of Jerusalem (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079085#Deaths", "title": "AD 133", "revid": 1267079085, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 134, "year_label": "134 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans retake Jerusalem. The largely-destroyed city is renamed Aelia Capitolina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188678#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 134", "revid": 1371188678, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 216, "year_label": "216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Narcissus of Jerusalem, patriarch of Jerusalem", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188509#Deaths", "title": "216", "revid": 1371188509, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 326, "year_label": "326 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Helena tells Constantine that he must atone for executing his son and wife by building churches, and at about this date construction begins on Old St. Peter's Basilica, the first church on the traditional site of Saint Peter's tomb in Rome, and on the basilica of Golgotha on Calvary outside Jerusalem. He also commissions construction of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem (dedicated 339).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366011464#Religion", "title": "326", "revid": 1366011464, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 326, "year_label": "326 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 (traditional date) – Helena, mother of Constantine I, discovers the so-called True Cross and the Holy Sepulchre (Jesus's tomb) in Jerusalem. On her pilgrimage, which begins about this year, she pauses on the Aegean island of Patmos, where she is said to found the church of Panagia Ekatontapiliani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366011464#Religion", "title": "326", "revid": 1366011464, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I reinstates the Alexandrian priest Arius (declared a heretic at the First Council of Nicaea in 325) in a synod at Jerusalem about a year before Arius' death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Religion", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is consecrated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Religion", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 385, "year_label": "385 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220298#Roman_Empire", "title": "385", "revid": 1280220298, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 438, "year_label": "438 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II, goes on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742803#Byzantium", "title": "438", "revid": 1364742803, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – November 1 – Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council of the Church: The monophysitism of Eutyches is repudiated, and the Chalcedonian Definition set forth. As a result of this council, the Oriental Orthodox Churches eventually become a separate communion. More immediately, Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate, and Dioscorus of Alexandria is deposed as Patriarch of Alexandria by the Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Religion", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The mosaic synagogue floor from Maon (Judea) is made. It is now kept at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Art", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 614, "year_label": "614 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: A Persian–Judaean army (26,000 men) commanded by Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem, after a 20-day siege against the Byzantine Empire. Somewhere between 57,000 and 66,500 citizens are slain; another 35,000 are enslaved, including the Patriarch Zacharias. Many churches in the city (including the \"Church of the Resurrection\" or Holy Sepulchre) are burned, and numerous relics, including the True Cross, the Holy Lance, and the Holy Sponge, are carried off to the Persian capital Ctesiphon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752346#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "614", "revid": 1364752346, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 621, "year_label": "621 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Islamic tradition says Muhammad visited heaven aboard the winged mount Buraq, in the Isra wal-Miraj, (the Night Journey), from Mecca to Jerusalem, then to heaven from Jerusalem's Temple Mount, then back to Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755711#Religion", "title": "621", "revid": 1364755711, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Religion", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – While praying in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, the Islamic prophet Muhammad receives revelations from God on the qibla, the direction of prayer, that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer, beginning an Islamic tradition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantines (after 15 years of occupation), from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. He tries to promote Monothelitism, which is rejected by the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Siege of Jerusalem: The Rashidun army (20,000 men), led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, conquers Jerusalem after a six-month siege. The Byzantine garrison surrenders to Caliph Umar I, who is invited by Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar declines, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the church's status, and turn the Christian holy site into a mosque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Deaths", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Pope John IV dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by a Jerusalem-born cleric of Greek descent, Theodore I, as the 73rd pope of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Religion", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 691, "year_label": "691 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem (under the patronage of Abd al-Malik) during the Second Fitna, becoming the first work of Islamic architecture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806265#Architecture", "title": "691", "revid": 1340806265, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Al-Walid I commissions the construction of Al-Aqsa Mosque located in the Old City of Jerusalem (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Religion", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Muslims expel 300 Christians from Jerusalem, and European Christians are forbidden to enter the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Religion", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1058, "year_label": "1058 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ealdred, archbishop of York, becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269479149#Religion", "title": "1058", "revid": 1269479149, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Great German Pilgrimage: Archbishop Siegfried I of Mainz leads a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Either during this pilgrimage or shortly before it, the Ezzolied; a High German poem on the life of Jesus, is composed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Religion", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1065, "year_label": "1065 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65: A large pilgrimage led by Siegfried I (archbishop of Mainz) arrives in Jerusalem after having been attacked by Bedouin bandits. Two weeks later (in April) they return to Ramla and take ships back to Latakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271706#Religion", "title": "1065", "revid": 1365271706, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1098, "year_label": "1098 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August", "text": "August – Fatimid forces under Caliph Al-Musta'li recapture Jerusalem and occupy Palestine. The Crusaders threaten the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate which already has lost the Emirate of Sicily (see 1091).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163181#First_Crusade", "title": "1098", "revid": 1362163181, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sends a maritime expedition to Palestine from Sevilla to ward off the Crusaders and perhaps to reconquer Jerusalem. The fleet of about seventy ships rushes into a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, and is never seen again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Alberic of Ostia, papal legate to Outremer, solemnly dedicates the Templum Domini in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Religion", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20–October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem: Egyptian army under Saladin captures Jerusalem, after the Crusaders led by Balian of Ibelin surrender the 'Holy City'. The take-over of the city is relatively peaceful; Saladin agrees to let the Muslims and Christians leave the city, taking with them their goods. Balian joins his wife Maria Komnene and family, in the County of Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Egypt", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – After negotiations between Richard and Saladin, the Treaty of Jaffa is signed, which makes sure Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands, but insures visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City. The Third Crusade ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#The_Third_Crusade", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events › The Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on Damascus. He sends his son, Al-Mu'azzam, to cover Jerusalem. On November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at Bethsaida, on the Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Pope Honorius III sends a letter to the Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem, Francisco Clemente Pérez Capera, notifying him that the armies and navies of the Holy Roman Empire, the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Sicily will be departing soon to begin the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem from the Arab rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#January_–_March", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The Agreement of San Germano is signed between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Honorius III, with the Emperor Frederick agreeing to lead the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Christian Holy Land in the Middle East from the Muslims. In return for the financing and the provision of soldiers by the Catholis Church in Syria, Frederick agrees to launch the Crusade on or before August 15, 1227.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#July_–_September", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Gerold of Lausanne, French bishop of Valence, becomes the new Latin patriarch of Jerusalem (until 1239).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#April_–_June", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Egypt's Sultan Al-Kamil, including Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Sixth_Crusade", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Sixth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1231, "year_label": "1231 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 \"sergeants-at-arms\", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488978#Levant", "title": "1231", "revid": 1367488978, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud march on Jerusalem, which is largely undefended. The garrison of the city surrenders to Dawud, after accepting his offer for a safe-conduct to Acre. Dawud destroys Jerusalem's fortifications, including the Tower of David. Meanwhile, Theobald I (losing many men underway) moves with the remnants of the Crusader army northward to Acre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Levant", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III of England, arrives at Acre for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His pilgrimage has the approval of Emperor Frederick II, who is married to his younger sister, Isabella of England, and gives him the task to make arrangements with the Military Orders. On his arrival, Richard travels to Ascalon, where he is met by ambassadors from As-Salih Ayyub. As a negotiator, he is successful in the release of prisoners captured in the Battle at Gaza (1239), and he also assists with the building of the citadel in Ascalon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Levant", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Templar Knights raid the city of Hebron. Meanwhile, An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, sends forces to cut off the road to Jerusalem, and to levy tolls on the pilgrims and merchants that pass by.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Middle_East", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Levant", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Levant", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Robert of Nantes, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Deaths", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The 21-year-old Marco Polo together with his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, arrives at Kublai Khan's opulent summer palace at Shangdu (or 'Xanadu'), after a 4-year journey. They present the \"Great Khan\" sacred oil from Jerusalem and letters from Pope Gregory X. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a tax collector).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Asia", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Pope Clement V declares that Knights Hospitaller will not be sent to the Holy Land and Jerusalem, and that they will be limited to defending the Mediterranean Sea including Cyprus and Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#October_–_December", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra, after the city of Smirna. George V (the Brilliant) returns Jerusalem and the Grave of Christ from the Muslims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Date_unknown", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – St. Bridget and her fellow pilgrims finally arrive at Jerusalem on Ascension Day after a two-month journey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#April–June", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – The iconic painting the Black Madonna of Częstochowa is brought from Jerusalem, to the Jasna Góra Monastery in Poland on her the day celbrated as the feast day in her honor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#July–September", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate that controls Egypt and what is now Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and parts of Syria, receives an envoy from King George II of Kakheti (now located in the Republic of Georgia) and decides to reopen the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#April–June", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#Date_unknown", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem, likely because of a prophecy that the Messiah would return through this gate to Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#Date_unknown", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is forced out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A firman (decree) of Ottoman sultan Osman III (d. October 30) preserves the division of ownership and responsibilities of various Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem (e.g. the former's Church of the Holy Sepulchre); this becomes established as the Status Quo in international law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#Date_unknown", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Qasim al-Ahmad is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor (mutasallim) of Jerusalem (Kudüs), after Sultan Mahmud II dismisses Muhammad Said Agha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#July–September", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Rebuilding begins at the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#July–September", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#December", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#December", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "The British Desert Mounted Corps begins the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, in the direction of Hebron and Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#November", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – 1920 Palestine riots: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents in Jerusalem; 9 are killed, 216 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#April", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – An Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem, during secretive talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#July", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – King David Hotel bombing: The Irgun bombs the King David Hotel (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in Jerusalem, killing 90.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#July", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#January", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem. He is succeeded by his son, King Talal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#July", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#April", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – A general strike in the old quarter of Jerusalem protests Israel's unification of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#August", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22–25 – An Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco, following the al-Aqsa Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#September", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – The Talpiot Tomb is discovered by construction workers in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#March", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, dies in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#Date_unknown", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – A Sbarro restaurant in Jerusalem is bombed by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#August", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber kills at least 18 people in a bus bombing in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#August", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem, followed by Honduras and Panama two days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#December", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#December", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Kosovo officially establishes diplomatic ties with Israel and announces plans to open an embassy in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#February", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli police happen at Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#April", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › April"}}]}