{"slug": "jew", "label": "Jew", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 24, "years": 21, "span": [-249, 1929], "span_label": ["250 BCE", "1929 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antiochus-iv-epiphanes", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "legio-x-fretensis", "label": "Legio X Fretensis", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hadrian", "label": "Hadrian", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "theodosius-ii", "label": "Theodosius II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-law", "label": "Roman law", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "According to the Letter of Aristeas, Ptolemy II invited the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Egypt", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons, beginning the Maccabean Revolt, a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid control of Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria rule, Mattathias, dies and his third son, Judas, assumes leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed deposition of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Deaths", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes (\"God Manifest\"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Deaths", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenic party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Judas Maccabeus, third son of the Jewish priest Mattathias, who led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire until his death", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 38, "year_label": "38 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Apion heads a deputation to Emperor Caligula, to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 38 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 73, "year_label": "73 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506584#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 73", "revid": 1371506584, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 135, "year_label": "135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1285604542#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 135", "revid": 1285604542, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight Homilies entitled \"Adversus Iudaeos\" (\"Against the Jews\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Religion", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Religion", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Culture", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › Culture"}}, {"year": 1349, "year_label": "1349 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: Strasbourg massacre – Because they are believed by the residents to be the cause of the Black Death, roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373507442#January–December", "title": "1349", "revid": 1373507442, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#Date_unknown", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733434#April–June", "title": "1740", "revid": 1362733434, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – The Parliament of Great Britain's Jewish Naturalization Act receives royal assent, allowing naturalization to Jews; it is repealed in 1754.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#July–September", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots break out between Palestinians and Jews in Mandatory Palestine, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#August", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › August"}}]}