{"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7325", "qid": "Q7325", "description": "ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant", "entries": 45, "years": 44, "span": [-537, 1969], "span_label": ["538 BCE", "1969 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "galilee", "label": "Galilee", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-france", "label": "Philip II of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mainz", "label": "Mainz", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "christians", "label": "Christians", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "judaism", "label": "Judaism", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -537, "year_label": "538 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231289390#Near_East", "title": "538 BC", "revid": 1231289390, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": -536, "year_label": "537 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jews lay the foundations for the Second Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1012946792#Judea", "title": "537 BC", "revid": 1012946792, "section": "Events › By place › Judea"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 49, "year_label": "49 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_49", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 49"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Judaea, a Roman soldier seizes and burns a Torah scroll. Procurator Cumanus has the culprit beheaded, calming down local Jews and delaying for almost two decades the outbreak of their revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Palestine", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 50 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Yodfat: Its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants are massacred. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 136, "year_label": "136 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335665818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 136", "revid": 1335665818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 212, "year_label": "212 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The edict of Emperor Caracalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire, with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship. All free women in the Empire are given the same rights as Roman women.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186817#Roman_Empire", "title": "212", "revid": 1371186817, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Religion", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Religion", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is wiped out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Roman_Empire", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantius Gallus sends his general (magister equitum) Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroy the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Roman_Empire", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 416, "year_label": "416 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania, and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forces Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641805#Europe", "title": "416", "revid": 1367641805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades Emperor Theodosius II at Constantinople to dismiss his sister Pulcheria, for her policy of exiling the Jews, and destroying their synagogues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Yazdegerd II issues a decree to abolish the Shabbat, and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Persia", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community revolts at Ctesiphon against Mazdakism, and establishes an independent Jewish kingdom that lasts for seven years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Persia", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Narbonne is held. In Septimania, Jews are forbidden from chanting psalms while burying their dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Religion", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Religion", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Shariah enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Education", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council, in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews. Laws against violence to slaves are suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Europe", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 694, "year_label": "694 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – King Ergica of the Visigoths accuses the Jews of aiding the Muslims, and sentences all Jews to slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806245#Europe", "title": "694", "revid": 1340806245, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Religion", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A paper mill begins production at Baghdad during the Abbasid era, as the Arabs spread the techniques developed by Chinese papermakers. Baghdad becomes a great seat of learning, with Christian and Jewish scholars as well as Muslims, while Europe remains largely unlettered. The Arabs will become the world's most proficient papermakers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Communication", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Communication"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dunash ben Labrat, Spanish Jewish commentator (d. 990)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Births", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Commerce", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "King Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Philip II (Augustus) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the Jews and expels them from Paris. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Europe", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#England", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (d. 1256)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Births", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Pope Innocent III lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified Jesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Religion", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – John orders that Jews across the country have to pay a tallage, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#England", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus \"royalists\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#January–December", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria, by order of Duke Ludwig IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#October–December", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the \"great torture chamber\" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#Date_unknown", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Date_unknown", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Lisbon Massacre begins in Portugal with three days of violence, in which thousands of Jews are tortured and killed by Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#April–June", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#July–September", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733434#July–September", "title": "1740", "revid": 1362733434, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#October", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Fourteen men, 9 of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#January", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › January"}}]}