{"slug": "julian-calendar", "label": "Julian calendar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11184", "qid": "Q11184", "description": "calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC", "entries": 23, "years": 15, "span": [-45, 1918], "span_label": ["46 BCE", "1918 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "gregorian-calendar", "label": "Gregorian Calendar", "shared": 18}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greek-war-of-independence", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alexander-i-of-russia", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "persia", "label": "Persia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "saint-petersburg", "label": "Saint Petersburg", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-savoy", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "guadeloupe", "label": "Guadeloupe", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -45, "year_label": "46 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069033#Roman_Republic", "title": "46 BC", "revid": 1361069033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -44, "year_label": "45 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing a solar calendar that is based on the Egyptian calendar of the day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069382#Roman_Republic", "title": "45 BC", "revid": 1361069382, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -7, "year_label": "8 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed Augustus (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Germania", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 8 BC › Germania"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – The Julian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday, October 15.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#October–December", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Duchy of Savoy adopts the Gregorian Calendar, replacing the Julian Calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#January–March", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Ultimate Pi Day: the largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits of pi since the introduction of the Julian calendar according to the American method of writing the number of the month prior to the day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#January–March", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 (Julian calendar, used by the English; January 3, 1602, according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle) – The Battle of Kinsale ends the siege of Kinsale, Ireland (begun in autumn 1601).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#October–December", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Battle of Kinsale: The English defeat Irish rebels and their Spanish allies. (The battle happens on this date according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish but on Thursday, 24 December, 1601 according to the old Julian calendar used by the English.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#January–March", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 (July 23 Julian calendar) – A hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Guadeloupe five days after Barbados colonial Governor Francis Willoughby led a force of two Royal Navy frigates, 12 commandeered vessels and over 1,000 men in a battle against French colonies during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Willoughby and most of his crew die in the sinking of his flagship, HMS Hope", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 (July 25 Julian calendar) – In the St. James's Day Battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English Royal Navy, under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, defeats the Dutch Republic navy off the North Foreland of England. The victory comes 6 weeks after the British fleet had sustained a heavy loss in the Four Days' Battle. The Dutch ships Sneek and Tholen are sunk, with the loss of 800 men, while 300 Englishmen die in the sinking of HMS Resolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 (February 30 Swedish Style, February 29 on the Julian calendar) – Sweden temporarily adopts the rare February 30, as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#January–March", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar, by skipping the 11 days difference between it and the Julian calendar, and letting February 17 be followed directly by March 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#January–March", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 (O.S.)/April 22 (N.S.) – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 (O.S.)/August 19 (N.S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#July–September", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 (O.S.)/April 6 (N.S.) – Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras raises the revolutionary flag of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; later celebrated as Greece's traditional Independence Day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 (O.S.)/October 20 (N.S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#October–December", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 (O.S.)/October 5 (N.S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#October–December", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 (O.S.)/September 16 (N.S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#July–September", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 (O.S.)/November 19 (N.S.) – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#October–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#October–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 (N.S.)/March 20 (O.S.) – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1943)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#March–April", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Births › March–April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#February", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › February"}}]}