{"slug": "july", "label": "July", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121", "qid": "Q121", "description": "seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars", "entries": 83, "years": 81, "span": [221, 1997], "span_label": ["221 CE", "1997 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 28}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 13}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "may", "label": "May", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-swabia", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-hungary-10001301", "label": "Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "regensburg", "label": "Regensburg", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "otto-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "april", "label": "April", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-gregory-ii", "label": "Pope Gregory II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "frederick-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 221, "year_label": "221 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July", "text": "July – Elagabalus is forced to divorce Aquilia Severa, and marries his third wife Annia Faustina. After five months he returns to Severa, and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188819#Roman_Empire", "title": "221", "revid": 1371188819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Maximian flees to Marseille where he is besieged and surrenders. Constantine encourages his suicide and Maximian, age 60, hangs himself. Emperor Maxentius condemns the killing of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Roman_Empire", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Battle of the Hellespont: Flavius Julius Crispus, the designated heir of his father Constantine, destroys the naval fleet of Licinius in the Dardanelles, allowing Constantine to cross over the Bosphorus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembles a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern-day Lapseki).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Emperor Constantius II convenes the Council of Rimini, to resolve the crisis over Arianism in the Church. Some 400 bishops of the Western portion of the Roman Empire attend, while the Eastern bishops simultaneously hold a meeting at Seleucia. Given Saint Jerome's comment that, \"The whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian\", it appears to have failed. Pope Liberius rejects the new creed at Rimini.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Religion", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Frigeridus, Roman general, fortifies the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass to prevent the \"barbarians\" from breaking out to the north-west (Pannonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (magister militum) as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Byzantium", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Deaths", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July", "text": "July – Byzantine general Vitalian becomes consul, and is shortly later murdered, probably on the orders of Justinian, the nephew and heir-apparent of Emperor Justin I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Gundoald, Merovingian usurper king, and his followers are defeated during the siege of Saint-Bertrand. He is executed and Guntram stages a triumphal entry into Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Europe", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Siege of Anbar: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid besieges the fortress city of Anbar. The Persian governor surrenders and is allowed to retire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 677, "year_label": "677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "25 – 27 July: Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica: Slavic forces launch a large-scale assault on the city walls, but are repelled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805601#Europe", "title": "677", "revid": 1340805601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm at Rome, causing Italy to break with the Byzantine Empire. He becomes the virtual temporal ruler of most Byzantine possessions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Religion", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Stephen II anoints Pepin's sons, Charles (later known as Charlemagne) and Carloman, consecrating them as patricians. At Quierzy he proclaims the Carolingian dynasty holy, and appeals for help against the Lombards. Finally, the Frankish nobles give their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Europe", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 903, "year_label": "903 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pope Benedict IV dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo V as the 118th pope of the Catholic Church. Leo is imprisoned and tortured by Antipope Christopher after a reign of just 1 month. Christopher makes himself the new pope of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346096497#Religion", "title": "903", "revid": 1346096497, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 915, "year_label": "915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Magyars (Hungarians), led by Zoltán, only son of the late Grand Prince Árpád, attack Swabia, Franconia and Saxony. Small units penetrate as far as Bremen, burning the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130780#Europe", "title": "915", "revid": 1341130780, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – King Otto I besieges the fortress of Eresburg. He defeats his half-brother Thankmar and kills him as he tries to find sanctuary. Eberhard III, duke of Franconia, is banished and replaced by his uncle Berthold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Europe", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July: Melias moves against Amida (modern Turkey). He defeats the Arabs outside the walls, and begins to lay siege to the city. After a few days, a violent wind and a thick dust spreads over the Byzantine camp. Covered by the dust, the Arabs attack and rout the Byzantines. Many of them are slaughtered and some, including Melias, are taken prisoner. Previous Byzantine gains in the area are lost. The wounded Melias dies later in captivity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Emperor Otto II (the Red) occupies Regensburg, forcing his rebellious cousin Henry II (the Wrangler) (who claims rulership over the Holy Roman Empire) to flee to Bohemia. Henry is deposed and Bavaria is handed over to Otto I of Swabia (a grandson of the late Emperor Otto I). He sets up the new \"Grand Duchy of Carinthia\" covering modern-day Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Europe", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába but suffers from the consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to Germany. King Stephen I (St. Stephen) pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Europe", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Abbadid dynasty ruling in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) falls when Almoravid forces storm Seville. Confronted with this threat, Emir Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of Castile, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river Tagus (Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May", "text": "May – July – A German expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) under King Conrad III leaves Regensburg and passes into Hungary. The German nobility is headed by Conrad's nephew and heir, Frederick I, duke of Swabia. On July 20, Conrad crosses into the Byzantine Empire, and reaches Sofia – where Michael Palaiologos (a nephew of Emperor Manuel I) gives Conrad an official welcome and provides the Crusaders with food.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – King Henry II decides to lead a military expedition to Ireland and summons Richard de Clare (Strongbow) to join forces. In September, Richard travels to England and promises his loyalty to Henry. He is granted Leinster as a fiefdom and is honored with the post of \"royal constable in Ireland\". The army is assembled at Pembroke – several siege towers are shipped over, should Henry need to assault the Norman-held towns (or others such as Cork and Limerick).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Britain", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – August – Battle of Belvoir Castle: Saladin crosses into Palestine round the south of the Sea of Galilee. King Baldwin IV (the Leper) of Jerusalem marches with his army back from Oultrejordain and attacks Saladin's forces near Belvoir Castle (modern Israel). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retires, claiming the victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1188, "year_label": "1188 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Saladin marches through the Buqaia, and occupies Jabala and Lattakieh. From Lattakieh he turns inland and, after a few days of fierce fighting, takes Sahyun Castle (called Castle of Saladin) on July 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325547787#Levant", "title": "1188", "revid": 1325547787, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The town is pillaged, but the knights are ambushed on their return, and several Hospitallers, including Grand Master Guérin de Montaigu, are captured. Meanwhile, Sultan Al-Kamil sends an Egyptian squadron down the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It sails to Cyprus, where it finds a Crusader fleet lying off Limassol. During the attack, they sink and capture all the ships, taking many thousands of prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1222, "year_label": "1222 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August", "text": "August – After the death of John I of Sweden on March 10, 6-year-old Erik Eriksson is elected new King of Sweden (sometime between this time and July 1223).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224827#Europe", "title": "1222", "revid": 1371224827, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July", "text": "July – At a diet (princely convention) in Piacenza, Emperor Frederick II proclaims his wish to recover all Italy for the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Europe", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1252, "year_label": "1252 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – The settlement of Stockholm in Sweden is founded, by Birger Jarl.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269919#Europe", "title": "1252", "revid": 1365269919, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Michael sends his general Alexios Strategopoulos with a small advance force of 800 soldiers, most of them Cumans, to keep watch on the Bulgarians and scout the defending positions of the Latin forces in the surroundings of Constantinople. When they reach the village of Selymbria, Strategopoulos is informed by local farmers that the entire Latin garrison and the Venetian fleet, are absent conducting a raid against the Nicaean island of Daphnousia. He decides not to lose such a golden opportunity and makes plans (without the consent of Michael) to retake the capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1273, "year_label": "1273 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mamluk forces under Baibars capture the last remaining stronghold of the Order of Assassins (Hashashin) sect, Al-Kahf Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364847849#Middle_East", "title": "1273", "revid": 1364847849, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed Guillaume de Beaujeu (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Sidon Sea Castle on July 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Levant", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1338, "year_label": "1338 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Muhammad Khan, Persian monarch", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556849#Deaths", "title": "1338", "revid": 1360556849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1340, "year_label": "1340 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April–July – Trapezuntine Civil War: An abortive uprising occurs against Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond, the first of a number of coups, revolts, and succession disputes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319621241#Events", "title": "1340", "revid": 1319621241, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales and mercenary – assassinated (b. c. 1330)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#Deaths", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1407, "year_label": "1407 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Empress Xu (Ming dynasty), Chinese Empress (b. 1362)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230756#Deaths", "title": "1407", "revid": 1367230756, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Hunger War takes place between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights, who are severely weakened after the Battle of Grunwald four years prior. The war earned its name from destructive scorched earth tactics followed by both sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#July–September", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#July–September", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1459, "year_label": "1459 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. 1530)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366548241#Births", "title": "1459", "revid": 1366548241, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The last remnant of the Byzantine Empire is lost to the Ottomans as General Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces after a year-long siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#July–September", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July", "text": "July – Maddalena de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1528)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Births", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1493, "year_label": "1493 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – In India, at Srinagar, Muhammad Shah Mir resumes his rule as the Sultan of Kashmir, replacing Fateh Shah Miri, who had ruled since 1486.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631093#July–September", "title": "1493", "revid": 1371631093, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#July–September", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, opens a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The court lasts until July 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Arauco War: The hated encomendero Pedro de Avendaño and two other Spaniards are killed, triggering the Second Great Rebellion of the Mapuche.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#July–September", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Philosopher Tommaso Campanella moves from Naples to Calabria, where he will be involved in a revolt against the rule of the Spanish viceroy the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#July–September", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Kwon Yul, Korean military commander (b. 1537)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#Deaths", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July", "text": "July – George Fox, English founder of the Quakers (d. 1691)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#July–September", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Births › July–September"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, governor of the Philippines", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#July–September", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Deaths › July–September"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Italian plague of 1629–31 reaches Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Elijah Loans, rabbi and kabbalist (b. 1555)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#Deaths", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Šarhūda's Manchu fleet annihilates Onufriy Stepanov's Russian flotilla, on the Amur River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – Richard Cromwell, the last Lord Protector of England during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as \"John Clarke\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#July–September", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting, taking place at the city of Lübeck. At its height, the economic alliance of German cities had 180 members; only nine (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig, Braunschweig, Cologne, Hildesheim, Osnabrück and Rostock) are represented for the final gathering. The final series of meetings had started on May 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#July–September", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July", "text": "July – Daniel Defoe documents the Great Storm of 1703 in England, with eyewitness testimonies, in The Storm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July", "text": "July – Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of the Spanish Province of New Mexico (d. 1788)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559528#Births", "title": "1736", "revid": 1360559528, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mihai Racoviță, Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia (b. c. 1660)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370823870#Deaths", "title": "1744", "revid": 1370823870, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, receives a visit from Pope Pius VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#July–September", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – Louis XVI accepts a constitutional monarchy in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#July–September", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1826, "year_label": "1826 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July", "text": "July – Ludwig van Beethoven puts the finishing touches on the String Quartet No. 14 in C♯ minor, Op. 131, the jewel in the crown of his late string quartets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373386632#July–September", "title": "1826", "revid": 1373386632, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#April–June", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Bertelsmann company is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a religious printer and publisher in Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#July–September", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360323585#July–September", "title": "1837", "revid": 1360323585, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July", "text": "July full date unknown – Bass Reeves, one of the first black Deputy U.S. Marshals west of the Mississippi River (d. 1910)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#July–September", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Births › July–September"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July", "text": "July – Mary Rogers (\"Beautiful Cigar Girl\"), American murder victim (b. c. 1820)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#July–December", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Margaret Fuller's \"The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women\" appears in The Dial magazine in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#July–September", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales, the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#July–September", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365770371#July–September", "title": "1850", "revid": 1365770371, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Mid-May to mid-July – Great Flood of 1851: Extensive flooding sweeps across the Midwestern United States. The town of Des Moines is virtually washed away, and many rainfall records hold for 160 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#April–June", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Reverend Thomas Baker, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary (born in Playden, East Sussex, England) is cooked and eaten by Navatusila tribespeople at Nabutautau, Fiji, together with eight of his local followers, the only missionary in that country to suffer cannibalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#July", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – The end of the war between the United Kingdom and Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#July", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – The serial publication of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is concluded, in The Russian Messenger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#July", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July", "text": "July – Japan Brewery, predecessor of Kirin Holdings, is founded in Yokohama, Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#July", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July", "text": "July – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbine at Marykirk, Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363052310#July", "title": "1887", "revid": 1363052310, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pavlos Melas enters Macedonia with a small unit of men during the Macedonian Struggle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#July", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July", "text": "July – Hyperinflation in Germany means that 563 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – more than double the 263 needed eight months before, dwarfing the mere 12 needed in April 1919, and even the 47 needed in December of that year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#July", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July", "text": "July – Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic (Germany) sees the number of marks needed to purchase a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount needed at the start of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#July–August", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June–July – The Dáil Éireann debates and passes the new draft Constitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#June", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#July", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July", "text": "July – The British Army's Special Air Service is formed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#July", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July", "text": "July – The 1997 Central European flood occurs across Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}]}