{"slug": "june", "label": "June", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120", "qid": "Q120", "description": "sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars", "entries": 102, "years": 100, "span": [89, 1986], "span_label": ["89 CE", "1986 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 37}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "may", "label": "May", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantine-v", "label": "Constantine V", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 89, "year_label": "89 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186395#Asia", "title": "AD 89", "revid": 1371186395, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 171, "year_label": "171 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May", "text": "May – June – Aelius Aristides, Greek orator, delivers a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303100#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 171", "revid": 1371303100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 181, "year_label": "181 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June: Liang Long is captured and beheaded, and his rebellion is suppressed by general Zhu Juan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305766#Asia", "title": "AD 181", "revid": 1371305766, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 184, "year_label": "184 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Ling of Han places his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends them to attack the Yellow Turban rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371308060#China", "title": "AD 184", "revid": 1371308060, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 228, "year_label": "228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June –October – Battle of Shiting: The Eastern Wu Kingdom defeats the Cao Wei Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304597#China", "title": "228", "revid": 1371304597, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – The earliest known use of the Greek word monachós to refer to a monk is made in a petition filed in Egypt by a man named Aurelius Isidorus, a man from the town of Karanis in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Roman_Empire", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June", "text": "June – In Rome, famine brings the city to despair; Belisarius sends his secretary Procopius to Naples for more reinforcements and supplies. Vitiges arranges a three-month armistice for Gothic envoys to travel to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Pope Gregory I the Great sends a group of Benedictine monks under Augustine of Canterbury on a mission to Britain, to Christianize King Æthelberht, and convert the Kingdom of Kent from native Anglo-Saxon paganism. He carries letters of commendation to bishops, and is accompanied by Frankish interpreters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Religion", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – (Dhu al-Hijjah AH 2) The Invasion of Sawiq is carried out against the Muslims by the Quraysh leader, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Abu Bakr (born Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Amir, better known by his Islamic laqab Al-Siddiq) becomes the Caliph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Arabia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – The first caliph, Abu Bakr, sends an expedition to Balqa, Byzantine Empire, led by Usama ibn Zayd. This expedition is sent based on Muhammad's decision before his death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Arabia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emperor Justinian II sends a punitive expedition to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 749, "year_label": "749 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Aistulf succeeds his brother, Ratchis, as king of the Lombards and marries Gisaltruda, sister of Anselm, Duke of Friuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938976#Europe", "title": "749", "revid": 1365938976, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 751, "year_label": "751 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Leo IV, son of Emperor Constantine V, is crowned co-emperor at Constantinople. Only a year or so after his mother Irene died, Constantine's second wife Maria dies, at approximately the same time as Leo's coronation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809785#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "751", "revid": 1340809785, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Stephen II recognizes the Carolingian dynasty as legitimate rulers of the Frankish Kingdom. He travels to Paris and appeals for Frankish support against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Religion", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Abbasid Arabs and Uyghur Turks arrive simultaneously at the Tang capital of Chang'an, in order to offer tribute to the imperial court. The Arabs and Turks bicker and fight over diplomatic prominence at the gate, to present tribute before the other. A settlement is reached when both are allowed to enter at the same time, but through different gates to the palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Asia", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Anchialus: Emperor Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (800 ships and 9,600 cavalry) to Thrace, to defend the fortress city of Anchialus on the Black Sea Coast. Meanwhile, Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, blocks the mountain passes and takes positions on the heights near Anchialus. During a desperate cavalry charge, the Bulgars are defeated and many are captured; Telets manages to escape. Constantine enters Constantinople in triumph, and kills all the prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardorum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself \"Prince of Benevento\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Lothair I, eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, joins the rebellion of his brothers Pepin I and Louis the German, with the assistance of Archbishop Ebbo. Louis is forced to abdicate, on the plains of Rothfield (near Colmar).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Europe", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Great Heathen Army, led by Guthrum, moves on Cambridge. He later returns to Wessex, to establish a winter quarter. King Alfred the Great fights the Danes in a naval engagement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Britain", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Ibrahim II lands with an Aghlabid expeditionary force in Trapani, and proceeds to Palermo. He crushes the reinforced Byzantine army at Giardini.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Fruela II, King of Asturias in what is now Portugal, becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Galicia in Spain upon the death of his younger brother, King Ordoño II, who dies after a 14-year reign. The ascent of Fruela reunites Asturias, Galicia and Leon. Fruela, who is not popular with the nobles, orders the assassination of the sons of Olmundo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#April—June", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › April—June"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emir Abu'l-Qasim launches a raiding expedition into Byzantine Italy from Sicily. He imposes a tribute on the cities of Cosenza and Cellere. Meanwhile, a Fatimid fleet assaults the Apulian coast and raids the surrounding countryside. Abu'l-Qasim sends an army to Otranto and besieges Gravina, before returning to Sicily – bringing home hundreds of captives and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the Catholic Church, is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and central France (at Charroux, Narbonne and Puy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Religion", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Bedouins led by Abd Alla Ibn Idris al-Ja'fari attack the towns of Ayla and al-'Arish in southern Palestine after the Fatimids of Egypt refuse to restore al-Ja'fari as the Governor of the Wadi al-Qura.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#April–June", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1070, "year_label": "1070 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – Denmark signs a treaty with England; Sweyn II and his forces leave the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327891061#Events", "title": "1070", "revid": 1327891061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May", "text": "May–June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III (\"the Fair\") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Europe", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May or June – Count Raymond IV of Toulouse (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his attempt to seize Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King David IV of Georgia, nicknamed \"Davit IV Aghmashenebeli\" (\"David the Builder\") by his subjects, defeats Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire (encompassing much of what is now Iraq and Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#April–June", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › April–June"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King Louis VII departs from Metz and travels through Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273054652#Deaths", "title": "1177", "revid": 1273054652, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constance, Holy Roman Empress is released by Tancred, King of Sicily under the pressure of Pope Celestine III in May, and returns to Germany in June.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#Events", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May – June – The Crusader fleet rounds Greece and stops at Negroponte (modern-day Halkis), where the local authorities submit to Alexios Angelos. Encouraged by this, the Crusader leaders send him and several ships to extend his authority over the neighboring island of Andros. Mid-June, the Crusader fleet sails from Greece to Abydos, where it enters the Dardanelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – Treaty of Sapienza: The Republic of Venice recognizes the possession of the Peloponnese by Geoffrey I of Villehardouin and keeps only the fortresses of Modon and Coron. Venice also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish \"a church, a market and a court\" in every city of Achaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Europe", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1214, "year_label": "1214 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Otto IV arrives in Flanders with a small army; four German nobles have joined him, but he is soon reinforced by troops of Renaud I, duke of Boulogne, Ferdinand, (jure uxoris) count of Flanders and the mercenaries under William Longespée. On July 26, Philip II arrives at the Flemish town of Tournai with his army (some 7,000 men), while the allied forces encamp 12 kilometers south at the Castle of Mortagne (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329586748#Europe", "title": "1214", "revid": 1329586748, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The rebel English barons besiege Windsor Castle and Dover Castle; the latter is strategically important as the 'gateway to England', controlling the shortest route to France. Meanwhile, King John uses Corfe Castle in the southwest as his base of operations while he plans his campaign against the barons and the French invading army under Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Mstislav Mstislavich escapes back to the Dnieper River with the remnants of his Galician army. Mstislav Romanovich (the Old) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This is revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – The 16-year-old Alexander Nevsky is elected by the Novgorodians as prince (knyaz) of Novgorod, beseeching the young noble to take charge of the city's military affairs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Europe", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Levant", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May", "text": "May – Marie of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (alternative date is June)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Deaths", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X. They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the aljama, or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the Kingdom of Murcia is formally ended.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Europe", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Marinid forces land in Spain and ravage the countryside. They kill and capture many and plunder livestock. They also attack the castle of Vejer de la Frontera in Andalusia. On hearing the news, King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") abandons his meeting with Sultan Muhammad I of Granada and orders an all-out war against Granada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from Constantinople to Italy. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to Rome, but arrives too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the St. Peter's Basilica. Bar Sauma goes to Genoa, where he receives a warm welcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Genoa concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King James II of Aragon (\"the Just\") join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to Acre. On board the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal Jean I de Grailly, who have fought for the Papal States in the so-called Italian Crusades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Levant", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1339, "year_label": "1339 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Laupen: The Canton of Bern defeats the forces of Fribourg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188629#January–December", "title": "1339", "revid": 1362188629, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt (b. 1295)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Deaths", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May–June – An English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English nobleman (b. 1286)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#Deaths", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1349, "year_label": "1349 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – John Clyn, Irish Franciscan friar and chronicler", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373507442#Deaths", "title": "1349", "revid": 1373507442, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Valdemar IV Atterdag attacks Skåne and conquers Lindholmen Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#January–December", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Under the terms of the will of Sir John de Wingfield (died 1361), the church of St. Andrew and a college of priests are founded in Wingfield, Suffolk, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – The English Pale in Ireland is reduced to Dublin, County Kildare, County Louth, and County Meath.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#April–June", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June", "text": "June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1451)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#Births", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Sarwe Iyasus becomes the new Emperor of Ethiopia upon the death of his father Takla Maryam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#April–June", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The \"Miracle of the Moose\" takes place, according to Russian hagiographers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#April–June", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February–June – The Praguerie, an uprising by the French nobility against King Charles VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#January–March", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Abdullah Mirza, Timurid Empire ruler", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#Deaths", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens, surrenders the city to the Ottoman Empire and Sultan Mehmed II enters peacefully in August. Ottoman authorities issue a decree to protect the Acropolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371245383#April–June", "title": "1458", "revid": 1371245383, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Leonardo da Vinci is admitted as a master in his own right to the artists' Guild of Saint Luke in Florence. An entry is made in the register of the Compagnia di San Luca reading \"Anno Domini 1472— Leonardo, son of Ser Piero da Vinci, painter, to pay the sum of 6 sol, for the whole month of June 1472, for the remittance of his debt to the Company until July 1472... and to pay for the whole of November 1472, 5 sol due on 18 October 1472.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#April–June", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Gribshunden, the flagship of King Hans Oldenburg of Denmark sinks off the coast of Ronneby in Sweden while King Hans is ashore to negotiate with Sten Sture the Elder to restore the power of the Kalmar Union. According to some accounts, the sinking (and the death of more than 150 crew) happened after an explosion and fire, though explorations of the shipwreck centuries later show no indication of burning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#April–June", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#Deaths", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June", "text": "June – Andreas Vesalius publishes De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body), revolutionising the science of human anatomy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#April–June", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "By June – The 1557 influenza pandemic, probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June", "text": "June – Joan Pau Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (d. 1626)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#Births", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Babullah of Ternate, Sultan of Ternate (b. 1528)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#Deaths", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Toyotomi Hideyoshi begins the invasion of the Japanese island of Shikoku with an army of 113,000 men on 703 ships. The troops are divided into three groups, with 60,000 commanded by Hashiba Hidenaga and Hashiba Hidetsugu toward the provinces of Awa and Tosa; 23,000 under Ukita Hideie at the province of Sanuki; and 30,000 under Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu for the province of Iyo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365931198#April–June", "title": "1585", "revid": 1365931198, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18): Shāh Abbas I of Persia's Safavid army captures the city of Yerevan from the Ottoman Empire after a siege. At this time the Shāh begins the expulsion of Armenians from Jolfa to New Julfa in his capital of Isfahan; more than 25,000 die during the exodus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#April–June", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June or October – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: An improvised Spanish fleet under Luis Fajardo defeats the Dutch fleet under Willem Haultain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#April–June", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June", "text": "June – Richard Fanshawe, English diplomat (d. 1666)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#April–June", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Births › April–June"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Eighty Years' War: Leading a Dutch army, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange captures in short succession the cities of Venlo, Roermond and Sittard, before besieging the city of Maastricht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#April–June", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Bacon's Rebellion begins in the Virginia Colony. On July 30, Nathaniel Bacon and his followers issue the Declaration of the People of Virginia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#April–June", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – The first performance takes place of the semi-opera King Arthur with a libretto by John Dryden and music by Henry Purcell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#April–June", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – The completed 1703 Icelandic census is presented in the Althing, the first complete census of any country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#April–June", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines, under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried, travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern in Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#April–June", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Magdelaine Chapelain, French fortune teller and poisoner (b. 1651)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#Deaths", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1778, "year_label": "1778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Anglo-French War (1778–83) begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371073991#April–June", "title": "1778", "revid": 1371073991, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1789, "year_label": "1789 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Inconfidência Mineira is the first attempt at Brazilian independence from Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818853#April–June", "title": "1789", "revid": 1368818853, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Macartney Embassy, a British diplomatic mission to China led by George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, reaches Canton, but will be rebuffed by the Qianlong Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Betsy Gray, Irish rebel heroine", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#Deaths", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – James Nasmyth patents the steam hammer in the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#April–June", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June", "text": "June – E. H. Booth & Co. Ltd, which becomes the northern England supermarket chain Booths, is founded when tea dealer Edwin Henry Booth, 19, opens a shop called \"The China House\" in Blackpool.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#April–June", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Serbians from Vojvodina start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#April–June", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois, by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, Minnesota, by steamboat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#April–June", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June – The United States Sanitary Commission's Sanitary Fair in Philadelphia takes place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#June", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June", "text": "June–August – English polymath Francis Galton first describes eugenics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#June", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#June", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1880, "year_label": "1880 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – The SS Columbia sets off on her maiden voyage around Cape Horn to Portland, Oregon, carrying 13 locomotives and 200 railcars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371273111#June", "title": "1880", "revid": 1371273111, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – The first ascent is made of Castle Mountain in the Canadian Rockies, by geologist Arthur Philemon Coleman.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#June", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June", "text": "June – Vincent van Gogh paints The Starry Night at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#June", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – The clipper ship Cromdale is completed. She is the last fully rigged ship built for the Australian wool trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#June", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June–August – The \"Spanish flu\" becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#June", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, which becomes the world standard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#June", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June", "text": "June – The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau begins to form in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370012373#June", "title": "1927", "revid": 1370012373, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June–July – The Dáil Éireann debates and passes the new draft Constitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#June", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Picasso completes his painting Guernica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#June", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June (late) – The Holocaust: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in occupied Poland (for gassing at Sobibór), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis make efforts to obliterate the site.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#June", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#June", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – The Intelsat I (\"Early Bird\") communications satellite is launched. It becomes operational May 2 and is placed in commercial service in June.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#March–April", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June", "text": "June – Construction of the Oosterscheldekering, the world's largest openable storm surge flood barrier, is completed in the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#June", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › June"}}]}