{"slug": "justinian-i", "label": "Justinian I", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41866", "qid": "Q41866", "description": "Eastern Roman Emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 (482-565)", "entries": 41, "years": 37, "span": [482, 565], "span_label": ["482 CE", "565 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "belisarius", "label": "Belisarius", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "narses", "label": "Narses", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hagia-sophia", "label": "Hagia Sophia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gothic-war-535554", "label": "Gothic War (535–554)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "heruli", "label": "Heruli", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 482, "year_label": "482 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 565)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789374#Births", "title": "482", "revid": 1340789374, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 518, "year_label": "518 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Justin I founds the Justinian dynasty and makes his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius (later Justinian I) his trusted advisor. He becomes the emperor's close confidant and possibly acts as regent. Theocritus, candidate to the throne, is accused of a conspiracy and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754317#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "518", "revid": 1364754317, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July", "text": "July – Byzantine general Vitalian becomes consul, and is shortly later murdered, probably on the orders of Justinian, the nephew and heir-apparent of Emperor Justin I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 521, "year_label": "521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Future Byzantine emperor Justinian, age 39, is appointed consul. He later becomes Commander-in-chief of the Army of the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340791992#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "521", "revid": 1340791992, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 527, "year_label": "527 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler, as an incurable wound saps his strength.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793725#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "527", "revid": 1340793725, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 528, "year_label": "528 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Emperor Justinian I appoints a commission (including the jurist Tribonian) to codify all laws of the Roman Empire that are still in force from Hadrian to the current date; this becomes the Corpus Juris Civilis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793729#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "528", "revid": 1340793729, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Emperor Justinian I issues the Codex Justinianus (Code of Civil Laws), reformulating Roman law in an effort to control his unruly people (see 532).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Emperor Justinian I selects a second commission to excerpt and codify the writings of the jurists on Roman law. This becomes the Digest (Pandects).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire, such as large stones from quarries in Porphyry, Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Nika riots in Constantinople: Anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—escalates into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the capital is in chaos. The fires that start during the tumult result in the destruction of much of the city. The insurrection is put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus; 30,000 people are killed in the Hippodrome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Justinian I holds a war council in Constantinople. His advisers warn him against launching an expedition to North Africa, because of the supply-lines (1,000 miles into Vandal waters) and the huge drain on the imperial treasury. Justinian appoints Belisarius to command the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – In a letter, Emperor Justinian I declares the Bishop of Rome (currently John) to be \"head of all Bishops, and the true and effective corrector of heretics.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by Emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure are paraded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The death of Amalasuintha gives Byzantine Emperor Justinian I a pretext to invade Italy and begin the Gothic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Europe", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Eastern_Roman_(\"Byzantine\")_Empire", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman (\"Byzantine\") Empire"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "John Cottistis starts a short-lived rebellion against Justinian I. He is declared emperor at Dara, but is killed four days later by conspiring soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Asia", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I becomes alarmed by renewed barbarian incursions across the Danube frontier from the Slavs, the Bulgars, the Gepids, and the Avars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I offers to make peace with Vitiges, but Belisarius refuses to transmit the message. The Ostrogoths then offer to support Belisarius as emperor of the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I recalls Belisarius from Italy to handle the situation in Armenia. He arrives in Upper Mesopotamia and attacks the fortress city of Nisbis. After an unsuccessful siege he ravages the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (modern Istanbul; before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor Justinian I contracts the disease but recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I sends Belisarius back to the Ostrogothic Kingdom (Italy) with an inadequate Byzantine expeditionary force (4,000 men and 200 ships).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#The_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Events › By place › The Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I sends Narses, Byzantine general, to the rulers of the Heruli, to recruit troops for the campaigns in Italy and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Pope Vigilius arrives in Constantinople, to meet with Emperor Justinian I. The future Pope Pelagius I is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The mosaic panels of Justinian I and Theodora I with attendants, in the Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna), are made (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Europe", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I relieves Belisarius from military service, in favour of 70-year-old Byzantine general Narses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 549, "year_label": "549 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under Totila besiege Rome for the third time, after Belisarius has returned to Constantinople. He offers a peace agreement, but this is rejected by Emperor Justinian I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557736#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "549", "revid": 1369557736, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I appoints Bessas commander (magister militum) of Armenia, and entrusts him with the war in Lazica (Georgia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I dispatches a small Byzantine force (2,000 men) under Liberius to Hispania, according to the historian Jordanes. He conquers Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Fifth Ecumenical Council is held in Constantinople. In an edict, Emperor Justinian I condemns the Three Chapters, causing further schisms and heresies of monoenergism and monothelitism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Religion", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 554, "year_label": "554 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Byzantine Emperor Justinian I issues a pragmatic sanction reorganizing Italy, and rewards the praetorian prefect Liberius for over 60 years of distinguished service, granting him extensive estates in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904137#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "554", "revid": 1364904137, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 555, "year_label": "555 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "By this date, the Roman Empire under Justinian I has reached its height. Justinian I has reconquered many former territories of the Western Roman Empire, including Italy, Dalmatia, Africa and Southern Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356951195#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "555", "revid": 1356951195, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 556, "year_label": "556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau I opens negotiations with Justinian I, leading to the establishment of a 50 year peace agreement in 562.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739824#Persia", "title": "556", "revid": 1364739824, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 562, "year_label": "562 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I signs a peace treaty with the Sasanid Empire. The status quo ante is restored, with Lazica (modern Georgia) in Byzantine hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749268#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "562", "revid": 1364749268, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 563, "year_label": "563 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I pardons Belisarius; he orders his release from prison, and restores his properties and honours. He permits the general to live in obscurity, and gives him a veterans' pension.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "563", "revid": 1340800810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople is deposed as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian I after he refuses the Byzantine Emperor's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of Monophysites. From April 12 he is replaced by John Scholasticus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Religion", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Deaths", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Justin II succeeds his uncle Justinian I as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He begins his reign by refusing subsidies to the Avars, who conduct several large-scale raids through the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}