{"slug": "kahramanmaras", "label": "Kahramanmaraş", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134703", "qid": "Q134703", "description": "city in Turkey", "entries": 8, "years": 8, "span": [638, 1160], "span_label": ["638 CE", "1160 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mopsuestia", "label": "Mopsuestia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "strategos", "label": "Strategos", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sayf-al-dawla", "label": "Sayf al-Dawla", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "arab-muslims", "label": "Arab Muslims", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "edessa", "label": "Edessa", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: The invading Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid moves into Anatolia, conquering (without strong Byzantine resistance) the cities of Kahramanmaraş, Caesarea Cappadociae, Sebastia, and Malatya (west of the Taurus Mountains). Arab forces march into Armenia, where they capture the cities Edessa and Amida up to the Ararat plain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arabian_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among the Muslim Arabs, Emperor Constantine V invades Syria, and captures Germanikeia (modern Turkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the local Christian population in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Arab_Caliphate_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Byzantines under Andronikos Doukas, along with Eustathios Argyros, campaign against the Abbasids and defeat the Muslim garrisons of Mopsuestia and Tarsus, near Marash (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into the theme of Lykandos, but are defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and raiding as far south as Antioch. General (strategos) Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum) after a 7-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire and ravages the countryside of Malatya (modern Turkey). On his way back, he crosses the Euphrates and intercepts a Byzantine army led by Bardas Phokas (the Elder), near Marash. The Byzantines are defeated; Bardas himself barely escapes through the intervention of his attendants. His son Constantine Phokas, governor of Seleucia, is captured and held prisoner in Aleppo, until his death from an illness some time later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Earthquake", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By topic › Earthquake"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed, captured and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Levant", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}]}