{"slug": "kaifeng", "label": "Kaifeng", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208471", "qid": "Q208471", "description": "prefecture-level city in Henan, China, a former capital of China", "entries": 26, "years": 26, "span": [781, 1642], "span_label": ["781 CE", "1642 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "song-dynasty", "label": "Song dynasty", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "jin-dynasty-11151234", "label": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "jurchen-people", "label": "Jurchen people", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "jinsong-wars", "label": "Jin–Song Wars", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "emperor-huizong-of-song", "label": "Emperor Huizong of Song", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tang-dynasty", "label": "Tang dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hunan", "label": "Hunan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "wuyue", "label": "Wuyue", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "liao-dynasty", "label": "Liao dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "shanxi", "label": "Shanxi", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hangzhou", "label": "Hangzhou", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "New city of Bian (汴) is constructed on the site of Kaifeng during the Tang dynasty (China).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Asia", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Emperor Taizu (Zhu Wen) is murdered in the imperial palace at Kaifeng by his eldest living son Zhu Yougui after a 5-year reign. He succeeds his father as the ruler of Later Liang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#China", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan, the military governor (jiedushi) of Bingzhou. He declares himself emperor (formally called Gaozu) and establishes the capital in Bian, present-day Kaifeng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#China", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The Song Dynasty is established at Kaifeng by the 33-year-old military leader Zhao Kuangyin. He begins to unify the empire by conquering other lands and becomes the first emperor, called as Taizu of Song. The Song Dynasty will rule northern China for over 300 years (until 1279).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Asia", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Emperor Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin) dies at Kaifeng after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Tai Zong as ruler of the Song Dynasty. During his rule the Yuelu Academy (located in Hunan Province) is founded, which becomes one of the renowned academies (Shūyuàn).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#China", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – King Qian Chu surrenders his territories and pledges allegiance to the Song Dynasty, saving his people from war and economic destruction. Qian Chu remains ruler and moves 3,000 members of his household to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng). Wuyue is absorbed into the Song Dynasty, effectively ending the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#China", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Emperor Tai Zong (Zhao Jiong) dies at Kaifeng after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Zhen Zong as the third ruler of the Song dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#China", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao launches a major offensive against the Song dynasty. He invades Shanyang and threatens the Song capital of Kaifeng (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#China", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kaifeng, capital of China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Asia", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese capital city of Kaifeng has some half a million residents by this year. Including all those present in the nine designated suburbs, the population is over a million people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Asia", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng is constructed, during the Chinese Song dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Asia", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi's program of surveying the buildup of silt deposits in the Grand Canal, outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#China", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1088, "year_label": "1088 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng. It features an escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365263990#Arts_and_Culture", "title": "1088", "revid": 1365263990, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and Culture"}}, {"year": 1092, "year_label": "1092 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Su Song, a Chinese statesman and scientist, publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower, built in Kaifeng. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273814679#China", "title": "1092", "revid": 1273814679, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Huizong as ruler of the Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#China", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Fang La, Chinese rebel leader (executed in Kaifeng)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Deaths", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Jin–Song War: Emperor Taizong of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty declares war on the Chinese Song dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of Taiyuan in Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Asia", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – In China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Asia", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1127, "year_label": "1127 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Jin–Song Wars: Jurchen forces sack the Chinese capital of Kaifeng of the Northern Song dynasty during the Jingkang incident. They capture Emperor Qinzong, along with his father, Huizong, and members of the House of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348045996#Asia", "title": "1127", "revid": 1348045996, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jin–Song Wars: Emperor Gaozong of the Song dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Asia", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Asia", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1214, "year_label": "1214 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329586748#Asia", "title": "1214", "revid": 1329586748, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1233, "year_label": "1233 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures Kaifeng, capital of the Jin dynasty ('Great Jin'), after the 13-month Siege of Kaifeng (1232). The Mongols plunder the city, while Emperor Aizong of Jin flees for the town of Caizhou. Meanwhile, Ögedei departs and leaves the final conquest to his favoured general, Subutai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489040#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1233", "revid": 1367489040, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Ming General Xu Da sets off from Kaifeng at the direction of the Chinese Emperor Hongwu, with plans to rid China of the former Yuan dyansty Emperor Huizong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#July–September", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Basalawarmi, the Yuan dynasty Prince of Liang (now in the Henan province), commits suicide at his palace in Kaifeng after having been forced to retreat from the Ming dynasty armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#January–March", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – 1642 Yellow River flood: Some 300,000 people die in the intentional breaking of the dams and dykes of the Yellow River, done by the Ming dynasty defenders of Kaifeng to break the siege by the large rebel force of Li Zicheng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#October–December", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}