{"slug": "khan-title", "label": "Khan (title)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_%28title%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181888", "qid": "Q181888", "description": "ruler in Mongol and Turkic cultures, variously describing kings, princes, and governors", "entries": 42, "years": 37, "span": [568, 1616], "span_label": ["568 CE", "1616 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 30}, {"slug": "krum", "label": "Krum", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "boris-i-of-bulgaria", "label": "Boris I of Bulgaria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "simeon-i-of-bulgaria", "label": "Simeon I of Bulgaria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Asia", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Tuyuhun Kingdom is invaded by Chinese forces under Li Jing (Tang dynasty) during Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun, resulting in the murder of their leader (khan) Murong Fuyun in 635.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Asia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Asparukh, ruler (khan) of the First Bulgarian Empire (d. 701)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Births", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Asparuh, founder of the First Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Tervel, who becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Balkans", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Balkans"}}, {"year": 735, "year_label": "735 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Kardam, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809672#Births", "title": "735", "revid": 1340809672, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Krum becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (until 814). During his reign Bulgarian territory doubles in size, from the Danube to the Dniester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Europe", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Kardam, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 803)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Deaths", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Kardam, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria (or 802)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Deaths", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Europe", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, conquers and destroys the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Europe", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Serdica: Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, captures the fortress of Serdica (modern Sofia), after a long siege. According to Byzantine sources, he massacres the garrison (supposedly 6,000 men), sacks the city, and razes the city walls, before returning with much loot to Bulgaria. In the following years (and centuries), Serdica will serve as a base for the expansion of the Bulgars to the south of the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new campaign against the Bulgarian Empire, gathering an expeditionary force (most of the Roman army) from all parts of the empire. He is accompanied by high-ranking officials and aristocrats, including his son Stauracius and brother-in-law Michael I Rangabe (both later emperors temporarily). Krum, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria, sends envoys to sue for peace. Nikephoros refuses to accept the terms and marches through the Balkan passes towards Pliska, the Bulgarian capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, launch an invasion against the Byzantines. They capture the fortress cities of Develt and Mesembria, near the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, defeat Emperor Michael I near Edirne (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army (26,000 men) is destroyed by a counter-attack of Bulgarian heavy cavalry, while trapped in the valley. Krum captures the Byzantine camp and a rich prize, including gold and weaponry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Deaths", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars: Over the winter Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, had assembled a huge army (including Slavs and Avars), for a campaign against the Byzantine Empire. But before he sets out for a major attack on Constantinople, he dies of a stroke. Krum is succeeded by his son Omurtag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 815, "year_label": "815 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty: Emperor Leo V the Armenian signs a 30-year peace agreement in Constantinople with Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire. The Rhodope Mountains become the Byzantine border again, and Leo regains its lost Black Sea cities, after the Bulgars have them demolished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348647036#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "815", "revid": 1348647036, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches an attack to the West, and penetrates into Pannonia. He expels the local chiefs, and installs Bulgar governors over the Slavic tribes to control them. Omurtag conquers the cities of Beograd, Braničevo, Sirmium, and most of eastern Slavonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Europe", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his youngest son Malamir, because his older brother Enravota favours Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Europe", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Deaths", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 836, "year_label": "836 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Malamir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by his nephew Presian I. Because of his young age and inexperience, the Bulgarian state affairs are dominated by his minister and commander-in-chief Isbul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350026626#Europe", "title": "836", "revid": 1350026626, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzantine territory near the Struma River). The Bulgarian army campaigns along the Aegean coasts, and conquers most of Thrace and Macedonia, including the fortress city of Philippi, as recorded in the Presian Inscription.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Deaths", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Europe", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 853, "year_label": "853 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Charles the Bald bribes Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, to form an alliance against his brother Louis the German, with Rastislav of Moravia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072185#Europe", "title": "853", "revid": 1267072185, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 854, "year_label": "854 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Croatian–Bulgarian battle: Bulgarian Khan (later Knyaz) Boris I, attacks the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129142#Europe", "title": "854", "revid": 1341129142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 864, "year_label": "864 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Christianization of Bulgaria begins: Boris I, Knyaz of the Bulgarian Empire, is converted to Orthodox Christianity. His family and high-ranking dignitaries accept the Orthodox faith at the capital, Pliska - from this point onwards the rulers of the Bulgarian Empire are known as ‘Tsars’ rather than ‘Khans’.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365939843#Religion", "title": "864", "revid": 1365939843, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 864)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Births", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The city of Belgrade is first mentioned in a papal letter to Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Religion", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, establishes the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Religion", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the throne after a 37-year reign, and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son Vladimir, as monarch of Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old boyars; many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attempts to restore the former Frankish alliance, and to reestablish paganism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his father Boris I, with help from loyal boyars. He is blinded, and succeeded by his brother Simeon I, as prince of Bulgaria; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. Simeon makes an alliance with the Pechenegs (or Patzinaks), a semi-nomad Turkic tribe from the Central Asian steppes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and basileopator, convinces Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki. This affects the commercial importance of Bulgarian trade. Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, mobilizes his Bulgarian forces and invades Byzantine territory, ravaging the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Simeon I (the Great), ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, seeks refuge in the fortress of Drastar, while the Magyars reach the outskirts of the capital Preslav. Facing a difficult situation with war on two fronts, Simeon calls for a truce. Leo VI sends the diplomat Leo Choirosphaktes to Bulgaria, to negotiate the terms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Sheng Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty leads an expeditionary force against the Zubu after they killed their own khan and begin to act in defiance of the Khitan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#China", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Liao dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#China", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (d. 1241 or 1242)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Births", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Early – Battle of Khalakhaljid Sands: Temüjin, khan of the Mongol tribe and the future Genghis Khan, is comprehensively defeated by the forces of Toghrul, khan of the Kereit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#East_Asia", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › East Asia"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Asia", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ilham Ghali khan of Kazan Khanate, (d. 1490)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#Births", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (b. 1451)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#Deaths", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu, referred to in the west as \"Nurhaci\", declares himself khan and crowns himself as Emperor of China, founding the Later Jin dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#January–February", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › January–February"}}]}