{"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173282", "qid": "Q173282", "description": "historical semi-nomadic Turkic ethnic group", "entries": 22, "years": 22, "span": [618, 963], "span_label": ["618 CE", "963 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "crimea", "label": "Crimea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "justinian-ii", "label": "Justinian II", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "caucasus", "label": "Caucasus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "judaism", "label": "Judaism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantine-v", "label": "Constantine V", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "theme-byzantine-district", "label": "Theme (Byzantine district)", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tong Yabghu Qaghan becomes the new ruler (khagan) of the Western Turkic Khaganate, founding the Khazar Khaganate. He maintains close relations with the Tang dynasty, and possibly marries into the imperial family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Asia", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Perso-Turkic War: The Göktürks and their Khazar allies (40,000 men) approach the Caspian Gates, and capture the Persian fortress at Derbent (modern Dagestan). Heraclius marches to the upper Tigris and invades the Persian heartland, leaving the Khazars under Tong Yabghu Qaghan to continue the siege of Tblilisi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chorpan Tarkhan, general of the Khazars, invades and devastates Roman Armenia. He defeats a Persian cavalry force (10,000 men) sent by Shahrbaraz to repel the invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 650, "year_label": "650 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Khazar Khaganate extends from the Dnieper to the Caspian Sea, and establishes the city, Itil, as its capital on the shore of the Caspian. Northward it extends to the headwaters of the Volga. Their rulers accept the Jewish religion, apparently to assert their independence from both Muslims and Christians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804422#Europe", "title": "650", "revid": 1340804422, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kotrag, ruler (khagan) of Great Bulgaria, leads the Khazars in overthrowing his brother Batbayan of the Onogurs, and moves south into the Carpathian Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Europe", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 677, "year_label": "677 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Onogur Bulgars are scattered by the Khazars, who then establish a great Steppe empire, centered on the Lower Volga. The Onogurs depart to the Pannonian Plain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805601#Europe", "title": "677", "revid": 1340805601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After spending nearly a decade with the Khazars (a Turkic tribe which controls a Steppe empire), the deposed emperor Justinian II flees from his exile at Cherson (Crimea). He escapes with help from Busir, ruler (khagan) of the Khazars, who marries him to his sister Theodora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine outpost of Cherson (Crimea) rebels (with Khazar assistance) against Emperor Justinian II. He sends a fleet under the patrikios Stephen, which retakes the city and restores Byzantine control. The fleet, however, is struck by a storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of Heraclius, that has ruled since 610.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (khagan) Bihar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 724, "year_label": "724 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah of the Umayyad Caliphate inflicts a crushing defeat on the Khazars of what is now Russia in a battle fought between the Cyrus and Araxes Rivers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808653#By_date", "title": "724", "revid": 1340808653, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars drive back the Muslim invasion, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, into Mesopotamia. Reinforced with Syrian troops, Maslama counterattacks and takes Georgia, establishing the northern frontier on the Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Asia", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars under Barjik invade the provinces of Jibal and Adharybaydjian. He defeats an Umayyad army (25,000 men) at Ardabil (Iran), killing al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Arabian_Empire", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Barjik, prince of the Khazar Khaganate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Deaths", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars led by Hazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent by Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near the Volga River, which destroy what remains of the Khazar forces. The Umayyad Caliphate now has full control of the Caucasus after completely destroying the Khazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Asia", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Religion", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Turkic subjects like Uyghur, Karluk and Basmyl, who are not the members of the Ashina clan, stage a coup. This ends the Turkic Empire and Ashina clan (except in Khazaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Asia", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Rus' Khaganate is created by people who are called Rus', after the 182-year dominance of the Khazars. This is the starting period of the rise of the Kievan Rus', and the later states of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Europe", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Possible conversion of some Khazars to Judaism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#Religion", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Religion", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – A diplomatic delegation is sent from Baghdad to establish trade routes between the Abbasid Caliphate towards Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan). Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat and traveller, makes contact with Almış, the İltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of Volga Bulgaria, on behalf of Caliph al-Muqtadir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Arabian_Empire", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kyiv, begins a 2-year campaign in which he will defeat Khazar forces along the Don River – vanquish the Ossetes and the Circassians in the northern Caucasus. He also successfully attacks the Bulgars on the Volga River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Europe", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}