{"slug": "khosrau-ii", "label": "Khosrau II", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_II", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 16, "years": 15, "span": [590, 631], "span_label": ["590 CE", "631 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-army", "label": "Byzantine army", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "shahrbaraz", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantinesasanian-war-of-602628", "label": "Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Comentiolus, commander (magister militum) of the eastern army, receives the legitimate Persian king, Khosrau II, as a refugee in his headquarters at Hierapolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian usurper Hormizd V (who rises temporarily to power) is defeated by King Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Persia", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau II sends a Persian expedition to South Arabia and conquers Yemen. He establishes a military base to control the sea trade with the East (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Persia", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his \"friend and father\", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II captures the Byzantine positions east of the Euphrates; the Persians destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmid kingdom (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Persia", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Persian_Empire", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Asia", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Khosrau II plans an all-out effort against Constantinople. He returns to Anatolia with two armies of unknown size, presumably more than 50,000 men each. One of these (possibly commanded by Khosrau himself) is to contain Heraclius in Pontus; another under Shahin Vahmanzadegan is defeated by Theodore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Persia", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Khosrau II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Persia", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Khosrau II, king of the Persian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Deaths", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Azarmidokht (daughter of king Khosrau II) succeeds her sister Borandukht, as monarch of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Persia", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}]}