{"slug": "khosrow-ii", "label": "Khosrow II", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212732", "qid": "Q212732", "description": "The 24th Sassanid emperor (590–628)", "entries": 22, "years": 19, "span": [570, 631], "span_label": ["570 CE", "631 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Khosrau II"], "related": [{"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "byzantinesasanian-war-of-602628", "label": "Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-army", "label": "Byzantine army", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "shahrbaraz", "label": "Shahrbaraz", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Khosrow II, last great Sasanian king of Iran (d. 628)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Births", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Comentiolus, commander (magister militum) of the eastern army, receives the legitimate Persian king, Khosrau II, as a refugee in his headquarters at Hierapolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian usurper Hormizd V (who rises temporarily to power) is defeated by King Khosrau II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Persia", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau II sends a Persian expedition to South Arabia and conquers Yemen. He establishes a military base to control the sea trade with the East (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Persia", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his \"friend and father\", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II captures the Byzantine positions east of the Euphrates; the Persians destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmid kingdom (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Persia", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Persian_Empire", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: The besieged city of Alexandria is captured by the Persians. Nicetas, cousin of Emperor Heraclius, and Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, flee to Cyprus. King Khosrow II extends his rule southwards along the Nile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Khosrow II withdraws most of his troops from Chalcedon (Anatolia); he assembles three armies to trap and destroy Heraclius' forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – While at Ganzak at what is now northwest Iran, the Sassanid Emperor Khosrow II (Chosroes) is informed by soldiers who had escaped capture that Emperor Heraclius of Byzantium is preparing a surprise attack. Khosrow dispatches an envoy to inform General Shahrbaraz to abandon a campaign in Asia Minor and to accompany him to face Heraclius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Asia", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Khosrau II plans an all-out effort against Constantinople. He returns to Anatolia with two armies of unknown size, presumably more than 50,000 men each. One of these (possibly commanded by Khosrau himself) is to contain Heraclius in Pontus; another under Shahin Vahmanzadegan is defeated by Theodore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Persia", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius issues an ultimatum for peace to king Khosrau II, but he refuses his generous terms. The war-weary Persians revolt against Khosrau's regime at Ctesiphon and install his son Kavadh II to the throne. He puts his father to death and begins negotiations with Heraclius. Kavadh is forced to return all the territories conquered during the war. The Persians must give up all of the trophies they have captured, including the relic of the True Cross. Evidently there is also a large financial indemnity. Having accepted a peace agreement on his own terms, Heraclius returns in triumph to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Khosrau II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Persia", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Khosrau II, king of the Persian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Deaths", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Shahrbaraz is killed and succeeded by Borandukht, daughter of former king Khosrow II. She ascends the throne as 26th monarch of Persia, before being deposed in favour of Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, whose brief reign is then followed by that of her sister Azarmidokht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Persia", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Azarmidokht (daughter of king Khosrau II) succeeds her sister Borandukht, as monarch of the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Persia", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}]}