{"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70972", "qid": "Q70972", "description": "monarchical state that ruled France from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848 (except during the Hundred Days in 1815)", "entries": 141, "years": 116, "span": [870, 1787], "span_label": ["870 CE", "1787 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 59}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 43}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "hundred-years-war", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "crown-of-castile", "label": "Crown of Castile", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "louis-xii", "label": "Louis XII", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German forces his half-brother Charles the Bald to accept a peace treaty, which partitions the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions. Louis receives most of Austrasia (which evolves into the Kingdom of Germany), and Charles receives territory in Lower Burgundy (which evolves into the Kingdom of France). However, large parts of the Frisian coast are under Viking control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Europe", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the Catholic Church, is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and central France (at Charroux, Narbonne and Puy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Religion", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Hugh I Capet, king of France (b. 941)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Deaths", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – King Hugh I Capet dies in Paris after a 9-year reign and is interred in the Basilica of St. Denis. He is succeeded by his 24-year-old son Robert II (the Pious) as king of France. Robert tries (during his reign) to increase his power, by pressing his claim of feudal lands that become vacant. This results in many territorial disputes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Europe", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "In the Kingdom of France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand), king of France (d. 1025)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Births", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Henry I, king of France (d. 1060)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Births", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1038, "year_label": "1038 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The name of Versailles, at this time a small village, appears for the first time in a medieval charter in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129769#Europe", "title": "1038", "revid": 1350129769, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1081, "year_label": "1081 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis VI (\"the Fat\"), king of France (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312347020#Births", "title": "1081", "revid": 1312347020, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1119, "year_label": "1119 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Battle of Brémule: King Henry I of England defeats King Louis VI (\"the Fat\") of France and his 400 knights in Normandy. A skirmish that begins with the French launching a fierce but disordered attack, and ends with the French turning tail. Louis agrees to make peace and formally recognizes William Adelin as duke of Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361127585#Europe", "title": "1119", "revid": 1361127585, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia travel throughout France, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusader States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Culture", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By topic › Culture"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Basilica of Saint-Denis is completed to designs by Abbot Suger in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Arts_and_Culture", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and Culture"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Art_and_Culture", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Culture"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – King Louis VII and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine sail homeward in separate Sicilian ships. While the fleet rounds the Peloponnese (southern Greece) it is attacked by ships of the Byzantine navy. Louis gives orders to raise the French flag and is allowed to sail on. But the ships containing many of his followers and his possessions are captured and taken as a war-prize to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Levant", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1214, "year_label": "1214 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Otto IV arrives in Flanders with a small army; four German nobles have joined him, but he is soon reinforced by troops of Renaud I, duke of Boulogne, Ferdinand, (jure uxoris) count of Flanders and the mercenaries under William Longespée. On July 26, Philip II arrives at the Flemish town of Tournai with his army (some 7,000 men), while the allied forces encamp 12 kilometers south at the Castle of Mortagne (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329586748#Europe", "title": "1214", "revid": 1329586748, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – The rebel English barons besiege Windsor Castle and Dover Castle; the latter is strategically important as the 'gateway to England', controlling the shortest route to France. Meanwhile, King John uses Corfe Castle in the southwest as his base of operations while he plans his campaign against the barons and the French invading army under Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The Treaty of Melun is concluded between France (ruled by King Louis VIII) and Flanders, ruled jointly of by Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut, with France agreeing to release her husband Count Ferrand", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#April_–_June", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – At the age of 12, Louis IX becomes the new King of France when his father, King Louis VIII, dies of dysentery at the Château de Montpensier while on his way back home after victory in the Albigensian Crusade. The boy's mother, Queen Blanche of Castile, rules the kingdom as regent during his minority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#October_–_December", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The University of Toulouse is founded in France. Raymond VII is forced to finance the teaching of theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Religion", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1235, "year_label": "1235 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "A general inquisition begins in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483906#Events", "title": "1235", "revid": 1362483906, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Europe", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peter III of Aragon obtains the support of Nasrid Granada preparing for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip \"the Fair\" of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1338, "year_label": "1338 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France, and his navy attacks Portsmouth, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556849#Date_unknown", "title": "1338", "revid": 1360556849, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1340, "year_label": "1340 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – King Edward III of England declares himself King of France at Ghent, Flanders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319621241#Events", "title": "1340", "revid": 1319621241, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1357, "year_label": "1357 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – The Estates General in France meets and passes Étienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274989420#January–December", "title": "1357", "revid": 1274989420, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The French States-General repudiates the terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#January–December", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Charles V becomes King of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Battle of Nájera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (in modern-day Spain) after defeating his half-brother, King Enrique the Fratricidal. Pedro is aided in the battle by the English under Edward the Black Prince, and Henry by the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#April–June", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – King Pedro of Castile loses the Battle of Montiel to French soldiers led by Bertrand du Guesclin and Castilians led by his half-brother, Enrique. Pedro takes refuge in a fortress and offers du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and a promise of several towns in Castile, in return for betraying Enrique. Afterwards, du Guesclin informs Enrique of the offer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#January–March", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – The Siege of Limoges takes place in the course of the Hundred Years' War as the English Army, led by Edward the Black Prince, retakes the of Limoges from the French by storm with wide destruction, effectively ending the Limoges enamel industry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#July–September", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile defeat the Kingdom of England in the Battle of La Rochelle, and France gains control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#April–June", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – The Treaty of Bruges, signed on June 27, 1375 between England and France to end hostilities in the Hundred Years' War for a year, is extended by agreement to June 24, 1377.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#January–March", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#Date_unknown", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Bastille fortress is completed in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#Date_unknown", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25– The Battle of Margate, a naval battle off the coast of England at Margate, ends with the England navy, commanded by the Earl of Arundel, victorious over a combined fleet of shipsf rom the Kingdom of France, the Crown of Castile and the County of Flanders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#January–March", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – The Hundred Years' War is temporarily halted as the Truce of Leulinghem goes into effect after having been signed in June by the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of France. The peace will last for 13 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#July–September", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Dominique de Flourence, Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, helps conclude a peace agreement between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile, based on his influence as France's legate to King Juan I of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#April–June", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – King Charles VI of France orders the expulsion of all Jews from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#July–September", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to the Crown of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#January–March", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr enters an alliance with the French against the English. He has begun to hold parliamentary assemblies (first on May 10 at Dolgellau).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#April–June", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using the English language in correspondence back to England from France, where he is leading a campaign, marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#July–September", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, defeats a larger French army under John II, Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of Douglas. Alençon is captured and Douglas killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#July_–September", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Celestine Order is established in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#Date_unknown", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#January–March", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – The Treaty of Tours, signed between England and France, secures a truce in the Hundred Years' War for five years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359067554#April–June", "title": "1444", "revid": 1359067554, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The Battle of Formigny takes place as French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve Caen", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#April–June", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Caen surrenders to the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege Caen in English-occupied Normandy in France, attacking the fortress commanded by Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#April–June", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The city of Perpignan is recaptured by the army of the Kingdom of France after having been captured by the Spanish king John II of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#January–March", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In the Kingdom of France, Louis II, Duke of Orleans and François II, Duke of Brittany, are both declared rebels by the Parlement of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#January–March", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The Treaty of Blois is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Venice as a secret military alliance between the two nations to attack the Duchy of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#January–March", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#January–March", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the Treaty of Trente with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Challenge of Barletta: Thirteen Italian knights defeat thirteen French knights, near Barletta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#January–March", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – French troops of King Louis XII surrender Gaeta to the Spanish, under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#January–March", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon, who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#January–March", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The Treaty of Westminster creates an alliance between Henry VIII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon against France. Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 103; Hutchinson, Young Henry, 159.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#October–December", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Ravenna: French troops under Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, assisted by the Duchy of Ferrara, defeat the Spanish and Papal States troops led by Ramón de Cardona. Gaston is killed in the pursuit as the Spanish retreat, and at least 3,000 of his troops are killed. More than 9,000 Spanish and Papal troops are killed, and 17,000 civilians in and around the city of Ravenna are massacred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#April–June", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – War of the League of Cambrai: The French carry out the Sack of Brescia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#January–March", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The Treaty of Blois is signed in France between representatives of the Spanish Kingdom of Navarre and of the Kingdom of France guaranteeing French intervention to keep Navarre neutral and to prevent an attack by the \"Holy League\" alliance of Pope Julius II and Spain's King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#July–September", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate, part of the War of the League of Cambrai): English and allied troops under Henry VIII defeat French cavalry under Marshal La Palice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#July–September", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara – Swiss mercenaries supporting the Milanese defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon the Duchy of Milan and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#April–June", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1514, "year_label": "1514 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – King Henry VIII of England concludes an independent peace treaty with France in the War of the League of Cambrai, negotiated by Thomas Wolsey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369345340#July–September", "title": "1514", "revid": 1369345340, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Leonardo da Vinci accepts Francis I's invitation to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#Date_unknown", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Treaty of Brussels: Peace is declared between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The \"Treaty of Perpetual Peace\" is signed in the city of Fribourg in Switzerland, between representatives of the Thirteen Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and King Francis of the Kingdom of France, confirming the French victory in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. The Swiss Confederacy renounces all claims to the French protectorate of Milan in Italy, in for 700,000 gold crowns in compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under André de Foix, fighting for the exiled King of Navarre Henri d'Albret, are defeated by the Spanish, and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#October–December", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – In the Battle of Bicocca, French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – England formally declares war on France and Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy, under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by François de St. Pol, withdraw from the Italian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#April–June", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#Date_unknown", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#January–March", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, agrees to form a military alliance with France, after King François I sends a proposal by way of his envoy, Jean Frangipani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#April–June", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Italian Admiral Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#July–September", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#July–September", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – King Henry VIII of England allies with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#January–March", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire, under the Marques Del Vasto, near Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden. Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#January–March", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – The Treaty of Ardres (also known as the Treaty of Camp) is signed, resulting in peace between the kingdoms of England and France and ending the Italian War of 1542–1546.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#April–June", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Duchy of Brittany unites with the Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#July–September", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#July–September", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8– England and France declare war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#July–September", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The false Martin Guerre appears in the French village of Artigat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#Date_unknown", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain, in his war against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – French troops, led by François, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England, in the Siege of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#January–March", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Battle of Gravelines: Near the border between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Netherlands, Spanish forces led by Lamoral, Count of Egmont, and assisted by the English Navy, inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#July–September", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Charles IX succeeds his brother Francis as King of France, after Francis dies of a severe ear infection at the age of 16. Francis's mother (Mary's mother-in-law), Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#October–December", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#January–March", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland later the same day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#July–September", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – The Ordinance of Orléans suspends the persecution of the Protestant Huguenots in Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#January–March", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Treaty of Lyon: France gains Bresse, Bugey and Gex from Savoy, ceding Saluzzo in exchange.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#January–March", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1603, "year_label": "1603 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – French explorer Samuel de Champlain departs from the Channel port of Honfleur in the Calvados département in the Kingdom of France for his first voyage to the settlement of New France in what is now Canada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656830#January–March", "title": "1603", "revid": 1366656830, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#Date_unknown", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The rule of Andorra passes jointly to the king of France, and the Bishop of Urgell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#Date_unknown", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – The French Estates General begins its last session. The session, with 464 deputies representing the nobility, the lower and middle classes, and the clergy, closes on February 23, 1615. For the next 175 years, the Kingdom of France will be governed as an absolute monarchy until the calling of a new Estates General in 1789 at the start of the French Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#October–December", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – The first Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#April–June", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Treaty of Compiègne is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#April–June", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Spanish capture Corbie, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Pierre Corneille's tragicomedy Le Cid is first performed, in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#January–March", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#January–March", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#January–March", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#April–June", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Roux de Marsilly, accused of plotting the assassination of King Louis XIV, is publicly tortured in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#April–June", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – France declares war on the Dutch Republic, invading the country on April 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#April–June", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Treaties of Nijmegen end the Franco-Dutch War. The County of Burgundy is ceded to the Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#July–September", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – The Franco-Dutch War between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic (and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as the Treaties of Nijmegen bring about a ceasefire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#July–September", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – King Louis XIV of France reports the success of the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#January–March", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Battle of La Prairie in Canada: An English and Iroquois force come north from Albany, New York to attack Montreal, but are repulsed with significant casualties by the French and their First Nations allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#July–September", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13–15 – Nine Years' War: Brussels is bombarded by French troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#July–September", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur, Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King William III of England, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#July–September", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Treaty of London (1700) (Second Partition Treaty) for Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#April–June", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Coffee is first grown in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#Date_unknown", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Charleville musket enters service in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#Date_unknown", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 (December 24, 1716 Old Style) – The kingdoms of Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance, in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on November 28 (November 17) 1716.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Great Britain and Dutch Republic join the Kingdom of France in formally declaring war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#July–September", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Virginia Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Major George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#October–December", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – French and Indian War – Braddock Expedition: British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#July–September", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The Seven Years' War formally begins, when Great Britain declares war on France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#April–June", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Battle of Pondicherry: An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India, between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and sail home, never to return.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#July–September", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The music for \"Ah! vous dirai-je, maman\" (\"Ah, would I tell you Mom?\") is first published in France by a Monsieur Bouin in his book Les Amusements d'une Heure et Demy; in 1806, English poet Jane Taylor publishes her poem, The Star, whose words fit the rhythm of the tune and become the children's song Twinkle Twinkle Little Star.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#Date_unknown", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The French government withdraws wartime taxes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#Date_unknown", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – After the Treaty of Versailles, the island of Corsica is ceded by Genoa to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#April–June", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – France conquers Corsica, ending the Corsican War of Independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354215144#April–June", "title": "1769", "revid": 1354215144, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates a steam-powered artillery tractor (see drawing) in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354215144#October–December", "title": "1769", "revid": 1354215144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – King Louis XV of France issues the \"Edict of December\", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the Parlements of Paris and the other 13 provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#October–December", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#Date_unknown", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Treaty of Versailles (1787) signed, forming an alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, future Emperor of Vietnam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561702#October–December", "title": "1787", "revid": 1370561702, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}