{"slug": "kingdom-of-germany", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175211", "qid": "Q175211", "description": "10th-century kingdom of Germany", "entries": 67, "years": 63, "span": [782, 1327], "span_label": ["782 CE", "1327 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Births", "count": 17}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "henry-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "conrad-iii-of-germany", "label": "Conrad III of Germany", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "king-of-the-romans", "label": "King of the Romans", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "philip-of-swabia", "label": "Philip of Swabia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope-innocent-iii", "label": "Pope Innocent III", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greater-poland", "label": "Greater Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "aachen", "label": "Aachen", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne sends a punitive expedition (an elite force of Eastern Frankish troops) under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raiders in Thuringia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Europe", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German forces his half-brother Charles the Bald to accept a peace treaty, which partitions the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions. Louis receives most of Austrasia (which evolves into the Kingdom of Germany), and Charles receives territory in Lower Burgundy (which evolves into the Kingdom of France). However, large parts of the Frisian coast are under Viking control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Europe", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Fowler, king of Germany (d. 936)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Births", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Matilda of Ringelheim, queen of Germany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Births", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 946, "year_label": "946 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Eadgyth, queen consort of Germany (b. 910)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512553#Deaths", "title": "946", "revid": 1341512553, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Otto II appoints Leopold I (the Illustrious), a member of the House of Babenberg, as margrave of the Marcha Orientalis (the later Archduchy of Austria). In order to maintain his possession in Southern Italy, Otto strengthens his army with 2,100 mailed horsemen (heavy cavalry) from Germany, of which around 1,500 are to be provided by the Churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Great Slav Rising: The Polabian Slavs (Wends), mainly Lutici and Obotrite tribes living east of the Elbe River revolt against Christianity and their subjugation to the German (former East Frankish) realm of the Holy Roman Empire. They invade northern Germany, sacking the cities of Havelberg, Brandenburg and Hamburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Otto III, now 14 years old, receives the regalia to rule the Kingdom of Germany at an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Solingen. Otto appoints Heribert of Cologne as chancellor of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Europe", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Duke Bolesław I (the Brave) of Poland. The following months, Boleslaus' brothers Jaromír and Oldřich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of King Henry II, while Boleslaus orders the massacre of his Bohemian leading nobles at Vyšehrad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Europe", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – King Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Religion", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1012, "year_label": "1012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia, deposes his brother Jaromír, who flees to Poland. Oldřich recognises the suzerainty of King Henry II of Germany over Bohemia. He secures his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271481#Europe", "title": "1012", "revid": 1365271481, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King Henry II arrives at Rome and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor together with his wife Cunigunde by Pope Benedict VIII in St. Peter's Basilica. Henry establishes the Diocese of Bobbio (Northern Italy) and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Europe", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Bolesław I the Brave is crowned in Gniezno as the first King of Poland. He takes advantage of the interregnum in Germany (see 1024) and receives permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX; however, he dies 60 days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Events", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#Europe", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Poland is broken up into regions (during the so-called Pagan Reaction). Queen Richeza, Casimir I and his sisters Ryksa and Gertruda are driven into exile in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Europe", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1074, "year_label": "1074 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Conrad II of Italy, king of Germany (d. 1101)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339713038#Births", "title": "1074", "revid": 1339713038, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1093, "year_label": "1093 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany (d. 1152)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291997155#Births", "title": "1093", "revid": 1291997155, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Conrad II, king of Germany and Italy (b. 1074)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Deaths", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is deposed by his son Henry V (who is king of Germany). Henry is forced to resign his crown and is imprisoned in the castle of Böckelheim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1111, "year_label": "1111 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II. Henry returns to Germany where he strengthens his power by granting privileges to the German nobles of the region of the Upper Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268639#Europe", "title": "1111", "revid": 1365268639, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1127, "year_label": "1127 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348045996#Europe", "title": "1127", "revid": 1348045996, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned \"King of Italy\" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Europe", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry VI, king of Germany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Births", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Conrad III is elected as King of Germany, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin at Koblenz. He is crowned at Aachen six days later (on March 13), and acknowledged in Bamberg by several German princes of southern Germany. Henry X (the Proud), son-in-law and heir of the late King Lothair III, refuses his allegiance to Conrad. He is deprived of all his Saxon territories, which are given to Leopold IV (the Generous).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Europe", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Siege of Weinsberg: Conrad III captures the castle at Weinsberg during the civil war between the Staufers and the Welfs in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#Europe", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein, founds Lübeck – which later becomes one of the leading Hanseatic cities. He divides the conquered Slavic lands, as part of the eastward expansion in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Europe", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Władysław II (\"the Exiled\"), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV (\"the Curly\"). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Europe", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Henry Berengar, co-ruler of Germany", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Deaths", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Europe", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, leads an expedition into Italy for his imperial coronation. He wants to impose his will upon the towns and cities of Lombardy, a region long accustomed to interference from Germany. Frederick encounters stiff resistance to his authority, the Lombard nobles are unwilling to acknowledge his rule and the rights to raise taxes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Irene Angelina, queen of Germany and Sicily (d. 1208)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Births", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, returns to Germany after being banished for three years by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Europe", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns to Germany. Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to Tancred of Lecce, king or usurper of Sicily. The populace of Salerno turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, and Margaritus of Brindisi delivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Prince Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to Sicily and then Rome where he is turned away by Pope Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Europe", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, is assassinated in Bamberg by the German count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip has refused to give him his 10-year-old daughter Beatrice in marriage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany (b. 1177)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Deaths", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry VII, king of Germany (Rex Romanorum) (d. 1242)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Births", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – The 16-year-old Frederick II is elected in absentia as German king by rebellious nobleman (supported by Pope Innocent III) at the Diet of Nuremberg (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Europe", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Rudolf I, king of Germany (d. 1291)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Births", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sanchia of Provence, queen of Germany (d. 1261)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#Births", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen consort of Germany (d. 1273)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Births", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Conrad IV (or Conrad II), king of Germany (d. 1254)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Births", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Gregory IX orders the Stedinger Crusade to be proclaimed in northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#Religion", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Henry VII, king of Germany (b. 1211)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Deaths", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin (\"the Younger\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Europe", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Deaths", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, king of Germany (d. 1298)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Births", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Elisabeth of Carinthia (or Tyrol), queen consort of Germany (d. 1312)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Births", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Margaret of Austria, queen consort of Germany and later of Bohemia (b. 1204)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Deaths", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1273, "year_label": "1273 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen of Germany (b. 1227)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364847849#Deaths", "title": "1273", "revid": 1364847849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Gregory X persuades King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") to give up his claim to the title of \"King of the Romans\". Gregory gains support in northern Italy through Rudolf I, king of Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Religion", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Margaret of Brabant, queen consort of Germany (d. 1311)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Births", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen of Germany (b. 1225)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Deaths", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Markets", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Frederick the Fair (or the Handsome), king of Germany (d. 1330)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Births", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Beatrice of Silesia, queen of Germany (House of Piast) (d. 1322)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Births", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#Europe", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Adolf of Nassau, king of Germany (House of Nassau)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#Deaths", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Elisabeth of Carinthia, queen of Germany (b. 1262)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#Deaths", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Imagina of Limburg, queen consort of Germany (b. 1255)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#Deaths", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Blanche of Valois, queen consort of Germany and Bohemia (d. 1348)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#Births", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Beatrice of Silesia, queen consort of Germany (b. 1290)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#Deaths", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Pope John XXII condemns Marsilius of Padua's 1324 treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace). The excommunicated Marsilius flees to Germany and seeks protection at the court of King Louis IV. John also excommunicates Louis and demands that he relinquishes his claim to the imperial crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#October_–_December", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Events › October – December"}}]}