{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy", "label": "Kingdom of Italy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172579", "qid": "Q172579", "description": "kingdom in Southern Europe from 1861 to 1946", "entries": 23, "years": 19, "span": [1209, 1944], "span_label": ["1209 CE", "1944 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "german-empire", "label": "German Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "french-third-republic", "label": "French Third Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "weimar-republic", "label": "Weimar Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "beirut", "label": "Beirut", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "december", "label": "December", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "venezuela", "label": "Venezuela", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Philip II of France (\"Augustus\") grants a \"conduit\" to merchants, going to the Champagne fairs (a trade fair organized in different towns of the County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs to merchants from Italy and the Low Countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Markets", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#March", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Unification of Italy: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#March", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#April", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#January", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1894, "year_label": "1894 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Italian cargo steamship Etnea struck the rocks of the islet of Školjić west of Unije and sank.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369810485#November", "title": "1894", "revid": 1369810485, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December", "text": "December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis: Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela, in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318639#December", "title": "1902", "revid": 1373318639, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – An agreement by Germany, Italy and Switzerland gives the Germans and Italians access to the Gotthard Rail Tunnel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#September–October", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The world's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya, during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#November", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#September", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Battle of Beirut: Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of Beirut, when the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gunboat Volturno bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#February", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Italian forces become the first to use airships in war as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#March", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#December", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#November", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#February", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo, bursts, killing at least 356 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#November–December", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#May–June", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Treaty of Rome: The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes absorbs Sušak.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#February", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the \"Roman Question\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#April", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – WWII: Battle of Bardia in Libya: Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Italy: in one of the deadliest railway disasters in history, over 500 clandestine passengers die of carbon monoxide poisoning when a steam freight train stops in a railway tunnel near Balvano, Basilicata, Southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#March", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › March"}}]}