{"slug": "kingdom-of-portugal", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45670", "qid": "Q45670", "description": "kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910)", "entries": 77, "years": 70, "span": [1109, 1834], "span_label": ["1109 CE", "1834 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 16}, {"title": "Births", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "afonso-i-of-portugal", "label": "Afonso I of Portugal", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "lisbon", "label": "Lisbon", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "afonso-de-albuquerque", "label": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "reconquista", "label": "Reconquista", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "coimbra", "label": "Coimbra", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "crown-of-castile", "label": "Crown of Castile", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ming-dynasty", "label": "Ming dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "denis-of-portugal", "label": "Denis of Portugal", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1109, "year_label": "1109 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Afonso I, king of Portugal (d. 1185)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315946#Births", "title": "1109", "revid": 1367315946, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1111, "year_label": "1111 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almoravid forces under Syr ibn Abi Bakr capture Santarém and Sintra in Portugal. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground also lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year the city revolts against their lord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268639#Europe", "title": "1111", "revid": 1365268639, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1111, "year_label": "1111 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268639#Births", "title": "1111", "revid": 1365268639, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Matilda of Savoy, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1157)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Births", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Afonso I (\"the Great\") of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Almoravids. Ramon Berenguer IV conquers the lower Ebro plain (between 1148–1149).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Europe", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Sancho I, king of Portugal (d. 1211)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Births", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dulce of Aragon, queen of Portugal (d. 1198)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Births", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1161, "year_label": "1161 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Almoravid offensive against the Kingdom of Portugal reaches the city of Almada, located on the Tagus river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116018#Europe", "title": "1161", "revid": 1300116018, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Under the admirals of the clan Banu Mardanish, an Almohad fleet suffers a large defeat at the hand of the Portuguese, as they are trying to re-conquer Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Europe", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Europe", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Afonso II (\"the Fat\"), king of Portugal (d. 1223)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Births", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – King Afonso I of Portugal (\"the Great\") dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sancho I (\"the Populator\") as ruler of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Europe", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Sancho I of Portugal (\"the Populator\") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called taifas) and begins a campaign in the south of his kingdom. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of Silves. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself \"King of Silves\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Silves – Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer Silves in Portugal. In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer do Sal, while Palmela and Almada are sacked.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Matilda II of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1259)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Births", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Sancho II (\"the Pious\"), king of Portugal (d. 1248)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Births", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – Afonso III (the Boulonnais), king of Portugal (d. 1279)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Births", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Sancho I (\"the Populator\"), king of Portugal (b. 1154)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Deaths", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (\"the Populator\") dies after a 25-year reign at Coimbra. He is succeeded by his son Afonso II (\"the Fat\") as ruler of Portugal. During his reign, he designs the first set of Portuguese written laws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Europe", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Mécia Lopes de Haro, queen of Portugal (d. 1270)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Births", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Urraca of Castile, queen of Portugal (b. 1186)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Deaths", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Afonso II (the Fat), king of Portugal (b. 1185)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Deaths", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1303)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Births", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Afonso III of Portugal (\"the Boulonnais\") recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Almohads, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal. The Almohads also lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Afonso III of Portugal (\"the Boulonnais\") holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Europe", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Afonso III of Portugal (\"the Boulonnais\") moves his residence and royal court from Lisbon to Coimbra, which becomes the capital of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Denis I (\"the Poet King\"), king of Portugal (d. 1325)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Births", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Kings Afonso III of Portugal and Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of León and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Europe", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Elizabeth of Aragon, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1336)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Births", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista – King Afonso III eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro, completing the reconquest of the west of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon by Denis I (\"the Poet King\"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Education", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Afonso IV (\"the Brave\"), king of Portugal (d. 1357)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Births", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1294, "year_label": "1294 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360182245#Europe", "title": "1294", "revid": 1360182245, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Alcañices: Kings Denis of Portugal (\"the Poet King\") and 11-year-old Ferdinand IV of Castile (\"the Summoned\") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent Maria de Molina) sign a treaty between Portugal and Castile, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#Europe", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1242)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#Deaths", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Peter I the Cruel, king of Portugal (d. 1367)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#Births", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1357, "year_label": "1357 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Peter I becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274989420#January–December", "title": "1357", "revid": 1274989420, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Fernando the Handsome becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, King Pedro the Avenger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#January–March", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The army of the Crown of Castile army begins the siege of Lisbon, capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#April–June", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#October–December", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#Date_unknown", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#Date_unknown", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Use of the Spanish era dating system (which begins counting from 38 BC rather than from 1 AD, and thus refers to the year 1422 as \"1460\") ends as the Kingdom of Portugal, last on the Iberian peninsula to continue the style of dating, goes to Anno Domini dates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#July–September", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#October–December", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first enslaved black Africans are brought to Europe at Lagos in the Kingdom of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#Date_unknown", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#Date_unknown", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores, in the Azores.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#Date_unknown", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon as the Portuguese sail up the Wouri River and Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#Undated", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese expatriate community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side), and receives as dowry her late father's maps and papers, charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands, and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#April–June", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – A Portuguese fleet, commanded by Diogo de Azambuja, arrives at the mouth of the River Benya on the Gold Coast, where the fort of São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) is erected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#January–March", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew on 13 vessels arrive in Brazil, anchoring at Monte Pascoal and naming the country Vera Cruz. Cabral claims the land for the Kingdom of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#April–June", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers Ascension Island. It is definitely sighted and named on May 20, 1503 (Feast of the Ascension) by Afonso de Albuquerque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#January–March", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Portuguese explorers, led by Gonçalo Coelho, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#January–March", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#April–June", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 (Feast of the Ascension) – Ascension Island is first definitively sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#April–June", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Fort Emmanuel is christened at Cochin after Afonso de Albuquerque obtained permission to be able to build it. It is the first European fort in India, in addition to being the first Portuguese fort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#October–December", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Portuguese State of India is founded in what is now the state of Kerala, after the Kingdom of Portugal takes over territory of the Bijapur sultanate at Calicut.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#July–September", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Portuguese mariner Tristão da Cunha sights the islands of Tristan da Cunha, naming them after himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#Date_unknown", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Portuguese occupy Mozambique, and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#Date_unknown", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Kingdom of Portugal conquers the island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#October—December", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The Portuguese first arrive at the Seven Islands of Bombay and land at Mahim after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim Creek.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#January–March", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#July–September", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27– Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal begins a nine month battle to conquer Goa off the coast of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#January–March", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter, at the Pearl River estuary and lands, at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China, commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#July–September", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – After navigating through the strait at the southern end of South America, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean. Magellan thankful to find a peaceful sea after the dangerous trip through the strait, names the body of water \"El Mar Pacifico\" because of its pacifying waters. becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait is later named the Strait of Magellan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#October–December", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Following the Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the Chinese Empire and the Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#April–June", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Battle of Montijo: The Kingdom of Portugal is victorious over Habsburg Spain, in the first major action between the two nations during the Portuguese Restoration War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#April–June", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Battle of Montes Claros between Spanish and a combined Anglo-Portuguese force ends with a decisive Portuguese victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#April–June", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – An 8.5 magnitude earthquake strikes Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, with effects felt as far north as Scotland, but few deaths are reported because of censorship by the Portuguese government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#January–March", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – The United States opens diplomatic relations with Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365416177#January–March", "title": "1791", "revid": 1365416177, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 - Peninsular War: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: French forces (28,000 men) under Marshal André Masséna take the fortified city of Ciudad Rodrigo on route into Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#July–September", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Spain, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom sign the Quadruple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#April–June", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}