{"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230791", "qid": "Q230791", "description": "historic sovereign kingdom on the British Isles from the 9th century and up to 1707", "entries": 167, "years": 145, "span": [843, 1707], "span_label": ["843 CE", "1707 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 39}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 39}, {"title": "Births", "count": 27}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 25}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 15}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 25}, {"slug": "alba", "label": "Alba", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "william-the-lion", "label": "William the Lion", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "malcolm-iii-of-scotland", "label": "Malcolm III of Scotland", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "robert-the-bruce", "label": "Robert the Bruce", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "edward-i-of-england", "label": "Edward I of England", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "david-i-of-scotland", "label": "David I of Scotland", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantine-ii-of-scotland", "label": "Constantine II of Scotland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "henry-ii-of-england", "label": "Henry II of England", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) of the Scots also becomes king of the Picts; he is crowned (on the Stone of Destiny) as first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin Dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#British_Isles", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 858, "year_label": "858 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Kenneth I, king of Scotland (b. 810)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129132#Deaths", "title": "858", "revid": 1341129132, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Donald II, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Births", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – King Donald I of Scotland dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Constantine I, as ruler of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Britain", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Donald I, king of Scotland (b. 812)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Deaths", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 864, "year_label": "864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders, led by Olaf the White, arrive in Scotland from the Viking settlement of Dublin (Ireland). He rampages the country, until his defeat in battle by King Constantine I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365939843#Europe", "title": "864", "revid": 1365939843, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 874, "year_label": "874 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Amlaíb Conung, the first Norse 'king' of Dublin, is killed in Scotland, during a campaign against his rival Constantin I (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347164206#Britain", "title": "874", "revid": 1347164206, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 874, "year_label": "874 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Constantine II, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347164206#Births", "title": "874", "revid": 1347164206, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 877, "year_label": "877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Constantin I is killed fighting Viking raiders, at the \"Black Cave\" in Fife. He is succeeded by his brother Áed mac Cináeda as ruler of Alba (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071400#Britain", "title": "877", "revid": 1267071400, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 877, "year_label": "877 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071400#Deaths", "title": "877", "revid": 1267071400, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Áed mac Cináeda of Scotland is killed in battle, by his rival Giric mac Dúngal. Giric becomes king of the Picts, and allies himself with Eochaid (grandson of Kenneth I). The two rule all of Alba (Scotland) together as joint-kings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Britain", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Áed mac Cináeda, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Deaths", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kings Eochaid and Giric of Alba and Strathclyde (modern Scotland) are deposed by Viking invaders. They are succeeded by Donald II, the son of the late Constantine I, who becomes king of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Britain", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Donald II is killed after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Constantine II as king of Scotland; he will reign for more than 40 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Donald II, king of the Picts (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Deaths", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 926, "year_label": "926 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509745#Britain", "title": "926", "revid": 1341509745, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dub mac Maíl Coluīm, king of Scotland (d. 967)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Births", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 952, "year_label": "952 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Constantine II, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512696#Deaths", "title": "952", "revid": 1341512696, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Malcolm I is killed in battle against the Northmen after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Indulf, the son of the late King Constantine II, as ruler of Alba (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#British_Isles", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Malcolm II, king of Alba (Scotland) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Births", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Indulf, king of the Scots and Picts, dies after an 8-year reign. He is killed while fighting Vikings near Cullen, at the Battle of Bauds. Indulf is succeeded by his nephew Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim) as ruler of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Scotland", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Indulf (the Aggressor), king of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Deaths", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dub mac Maíl Coluīm, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Deaths", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Constantine III, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Births", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Cuilén (or Cuilean) is killed by Britons after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Kenneth II, as ruler of Alba (Scotland). He will not be sole king until 977.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Britain", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cuilén (or Cuilean), king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Deaths", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Edgar I (the Peaceful) is crowned king during a royal ceremony at Bath by Archbishop Dunstan. In a council at Chester, Lothian (a region of the Lowlands) is ceded to Scotland, in return for fealty from King Kenneth II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Britain", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Amlaíb mac Illuilb, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Deaths", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Kenneth II is murdered at a banquet by Lady Finella in Fettercairn. He is succeeded by his nephew Constantine III (a son of the late King Cuilén) as ruler of Alba (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Scotland", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Europe › Scotland"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Constantine III, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#Deaths", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Constantine III dies after a 2-year reign, possibly murdered by a dynastic conflict between two rival lines of royalty. He is succeeded by Kenneth III as sole ruler of Alba (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#Scotland", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Duthac, patron saint of Tain (Scotland) (d. 1065)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Births", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Duncan I, king of Alba (Scotland) (d. 1040)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Births", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Macbeth (\"Rí Deircc, the Red King\"), king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#Births", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn. He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II (\"Forranach, the Destroyer\", son of the late King Kenneth II) as ruler of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#British_Isles", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1031, "year_label": "1031 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Malcolm III (Canmore), king of Scotland (d. 1093)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371210564#Births", "title": "1031", "revid": 1371210564, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1032, "year_label": "1032 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Donald III (the Fair), king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215247#Births", "title": "1032", "revid": 1342215247, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Malcolm II, king of Alba (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Deaths", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – King Duncan is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth, who succeeds him as king of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Britain", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Duncan I, king of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Deaths", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Siward, earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland, to support King Malcolm III against Macbeth, who has usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, Duncan I. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Scotland", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Battle of Lumphanan: Macbeth, King of Scotland (\"the Red King\") is killed by Malcolm (\"Canmore\"). Macbeth is succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who is crowned (probably on September 8) as king of Scotland at Scone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Europe", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Macbeth, king of Scotland (b. before 1040)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Deaths", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1058, "year_label": "1058 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – King Lulach (\"the Unfortunate\") of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm III (\"Canmore\") who becomes king of the Scots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269479149#Europe", "title": "1058", "revid": 1269479149, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1058, "year_label": "1058 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Lulach (\"the Unfortunate\"), king of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269479149#Deaths", "title": "1058", "revid": 1269479149, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Duncan II, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Births", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "unknown date – Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh by King Malcolm III (Canmore).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#England_and_Scotland", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Europe › England and Scotland"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "William the Conqueror, King of England, invades Scotland and receives the submission of King Malcolm III. He agrees to sign the Treaty of Abernethy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Britain", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1074, "year_label": "1074 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Edgar (\"the Valliant\"), king of Scotland (d. 1107)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339713038#Births", "title": "1074", "revid": 1339713038, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Alexander I (\"the Fierce\"), king of Scotland (d. 1124)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Births", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Robert Curthose, a son of William I, is sent to invade Scotland. He reaches as far as Falkirk and forces King Malcolm III to agree to terms while building fortifications at Newcastle upon Tyne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Britain", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "David I, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Births", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1092, "year_label": "1092 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sybilla of Normandy, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1122)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273814679#Births", "title": "1092", "revid": 1273814679, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1093, "year_label": "1093 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King Malcolm III of Scotland invades Northumberland, but is killed by English forces under Earl Robert de Mowbray while besieging Alnwick Castle. He is succeeded by his brother Donald III (\"the Fair\") as ruler of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291997155#Britain", "title": "1093", "revid": 1291997155, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May", "text": "May–June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III (\"the Fair\") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Europe", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Deaths", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Donald III of Scotland (\"the Fair\") is deposed by his nephew Edgar (who is supported by King William II of England) after a 4-year reign. Edgar (nicknamed Probus, \"the Valliant\") becomes ruler of Scotland until 1107.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#Scotland", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1098, "year_label": "1098 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Edgar of Scotland signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to Norway. At Dunfermline Abbey, Edgar seeks support from Anselm of Canterbury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163181#Britain", "title": "1098", "revid": 1362163181, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Donald III (\"the Fair\"), king of Scotland (b. 1032)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#Deaths", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Edgar, king of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Deaths", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – King Edgar dies at Edinburgh Castle after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Alexander I, who is married to Sybilla of Normandy (an illegitimate daughter of King Henry I). A split of unity, between Alexander and his younger brother David I, makes David co-ruler in Lothian and Strathclyde (Southern Scotland). He does not receive the title of king, but of \"Prince of the Cumbrians\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Scotland", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Rutherglen (located in South Lanarkshire) becomes one of the first of the Royal Burghs in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Britain", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. The French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the Order. Hugues de Payens, French Grand Master of the Order, visits both England and Scotland, where he raises men and money for the Order.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Religion", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by King David I, giving it merchant privileges relating to government and taxation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#England_and_Scotland", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By place › England and Scotland"}}, {"year": 1142, "year_label": "1142 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "William the Lion, king of Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362174122#Births", "title": "1142", "revid": 1362174122, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lesmahagow Priory in Scotland, is founded after John, bishop of Glasgow, and King David I have granted lands at Lesmahagow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#Religion", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Late spring – An expedition of Crusaders and Englishmen, together with forces from Flanders, Frisia, Scotland and some German polities, leaves from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Leadership is provided by Hervey de Glanvill, a Norman nobleman and constable of Suffolk, who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the Douro River, on the Portuguese coast, on June 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "March – The 16-year-old Henry of Anjou, eldest son of Queen Matilda, lands in England in a second attempt to take the English throne from Stephen. He travels up via Salisbury and Gloucester north to Carlisle (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Britain", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – Henry of Scotland, heir apparent to the throne of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Deaths", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – King David I of Scotland dies after a 29-year reign at Carlisle Castle. He is succeeded by his grandson, the 12-year-old Malcolm IV (Virgo). Malcolm is the eldest son of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, who is crowned as ruler of Scotland at Scone Priory on May 27. Because of his young age, Donnchad (or Duncan) becomes Malcolm's regent and royal adviser.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Britain", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1164, "year_label": "1164 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Renfrew: A Norse-Gaelic army led by Lord Somerled, ruler of the Isles, invades Scotland and is routed by the Scottish forces under the command of Walter fitz Alan and Herbert of Selkirk, bishop of Glasgow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164526#Scotland", "title": "1164", "revid": 1362164526, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – King Malcolm IV of Scotland dies at Jedburgh after a 12-year reign and is succeeded by his brother William the Lion as ruler of Scotland (until 1214).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#British_Isles", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ermengarde de Beaumont, queen of Scotland (d. 1233)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Births", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King William I (the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invades England, to help fight in the baronial rebellion against King Henry II. William attacks Prudhoe Castle in Northumberland, but is unable to capture it. He is captured by Lord Ranulf de Glanvill, and brought back to Newcastle. Henry occupies a part of Scotland, with its five strongest castles: Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Britain", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King William I (the Lion) establishes two castles at the Beauly Firth and the Cromarty Firth in northern Scotland. On his return, the city of Aberdeen is chartered by Wiliam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Europe", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Richard of Poitou, son of King Henry II, take the Cross to help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. He empties his coffers for the mission and makes a deal with King William the Lion of Scotland, giving him full feudal autonomy in return for cash.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Britain", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – King William I (\"the Lion\") of Scotland gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the Treaty of Falaise which William had to sign when he was captured in 1174.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Britain", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Alexander II, king of Scotland (d. 1249)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Births", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1199, "year_label": "1199 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King William the Lion of Scotland supports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (including Northumberland and Cumberland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187159#Britain", "title": "1199", "revid": 1369187159, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – During a tour of the Midlands, John receives homage from William the Lion, king of Scotland, at Lincoln. William is looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand ensures that these areas are controlled by English nobles he can trust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Britain", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Joan of England, queen of Scotland (d. 1238)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Births", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1214, "year_label": "1214 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – King William the Lion of Scotland dies after a 49-year reign at Stirling. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander II, who is crowned at Scone (until 1249).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329586748#Europe", "title": "1214", "revid": 1329586748, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – First Barons' War: King John of England campaigns successfully in the Midlands and captures Nottingham Castle, on December 24. King Alexander II of Scotland joins the Barons and invades Northern England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by John, King of England (\"Lackland\"), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland. John pushes up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. On his return, he puts down a revolt in East Anglia. On March 24, he arrives at Hertford to deal with the challenge of a coming French invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Marie de Coucy, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1285)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Births", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Stephen of Anagni, Italian papal chaplain, is commissioned to collect a special tax in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales to finance Gregory X's War of the Keys against Frederick II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Europe", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1233, "year_label": "1233 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Ermengarde de Beaumont, queen of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489040#Deaths", "title": "1233", "revid": 1367489040, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Treaty of York: King Henry III signs an agreement with Alexander II of Scotland at York. Alexander subjects to Henry's sovereignty and renounces the Scottish claims to Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland. This establishes the Anglo-Scottish border in a form with the future status of several feudal properties and marks the end of Scotland's attempts to extend its frontier southward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#England", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Joan of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1210)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Deaths", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Margaret, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1275)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Births", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Alexander II, king of Scotland (b. 1198)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Deaths", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland dies of a fever at the island of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Alexander III, who is crowned as ruler of Scotland at Scone on July 13. Alexander's minority causes a struggle for control of affairs between Walter Comyn and Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – Scottish–Norwegian War: King Haakon IV of Norway (\"the Old\") assembles a fleet (some 120 warships), and sets sail to defend the Hebrides, in an attempt to reassert Norwegian sovereignty over the Western Isles of Scotland. Haakon stops at the Isle of Arran, where in August negotiations are started with the 21-year-old King Alexander III of Scotland. The talks are prolonged by the Scots until the autumn storms begin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Europe", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Yolande of Dreux, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1330)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Births", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Treaty of Perth: King Alexander III of Scotland agrees to a peace settlement with King Magnus VI of Norway (\"the Law-mender\") in which the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man are ceded to Scotland in exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands of Shetland and Orkney.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Europe", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1269, "year_label": "1269 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "John I Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, begins the construction of Blair Castle in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343645386#Britain", "title": "1269", "revid": 1343645386, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (d. 1329)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#Births", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Margaret of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1240)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Deaths", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1283, "year_label": "1283 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate of Scotland (d. 1290)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347549431#Births", "title": "1283", "revid": 1347549431, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 (or 18) – Alexander III, king of Scotland (b. 1241)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#Deaths", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – King Alexander III dies in a fall from his horse at Kinghorn in Fife, leaving Queen Yolande of Dreux's unborn child and the 3-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway) as heirs to the throne. After Alexander's death, Scotland is governed by the nobility and clergy, known collectively as the Guardians of Scotland. This sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#England_&_Scotland", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Events › By place › England & Scotland"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – The 7-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate and heir to the crown of Scotland, dies en route to the British Isles in Orkney, leading to thirteen competitors for the crown of Scotland, a succession crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Britain", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen of Scotland (b. 1283)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Deaths", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Edward I meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne, but they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the royal castles of the kingdom into his keeping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Britain", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Britain", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance (\"Old Alliance\"), between Scotland and France against England, is signed in Paris by Kings John Balliol and Philip IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1296, "year_label": "1296 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Capture of Berwick: King Edward I of England storms and captures Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking what is at this time a Scottish border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368372269#January–December", "title": "1296", "revid": 1368372269, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king Robert the Bruce and other Scottish leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#British_Isles", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull \"Scimus, Fili\" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Religion", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England launches his sixth campaign into Scotland, crossing into Berwickshire from Northumberland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#July–_September", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – King Edward I of England assembles 7,500 troops at Roxburgh to prepare for a resumption of his campaign against the Kingdom of Scotland, to begin after concluding peace between England and France. In advance of the invasion, Edward orders that three pre-fabricated pontoon bridges be built and transported, in a fleet of 27 ships. After crossing into Scotland, Edward and his soldiers burns hamlet and towns, granges and granaries. Meanwhile, Richard Óg de Burgh, \"the Red Earl\" with forces from Ireland capture the castles of Rothesay and Inverkip.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1305, "year_label": "1305 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – King Edward I of England issues ordinances for the government of the Kingdom of Scotland. King Edward issues the first commission of Trailbaston – which empowers him to appoint judicial commissions to punish crimes (such as homicide, theft, arson, and rape) and certain trespasses. Edward adds also conspiracy to the list of presentments.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297125288#July_–_September", "title": "1305", "revid": 1297125288, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Robert the Bruce is crowned king of Scotland by Bishop William de Lamberton at Scone, near Perth. Despite lacking the traditional coronation stone, diadem and scepter, all of which have transferred to London. During the ceremony, the Scottish nobles of Atholl, Lennox, Mar and Menteith are present – while the 18-year-old Elizabeth de Burgh is crowned queen of Scots. The coronation takes place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after King Edward I of England, strips John de Baliol of his crown as King of Scots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#January_–_March", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Battle of Loudoun Hill: Scottish forces under Robert the Bruce defeat the English army (some 3,000 men) at Loudoun Hill. During the battle, a frontal charge by the English knights led by Aymer de Valence is halted by Robert's spearmen militia, who effectively slaughtered them as they are on marshy ground. Aymer manages to escape the carnage and flees to the safety of Bothwell Castle. The battle marks the turning point in Robert's struggle to reclaim the independence of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#April_–_June", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Battle of Inverurie: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the rival Scots under John Comyn at Oldmeldrum. During the battle, Robert repulses a surprise attack on his camp, and counter-attacks the Scots of Clan Comyn. John flees to seek refuge at the English court and is well received by Edward II, who appoints him as Lord Warden of the Marches. Meanwhile, Robert orders his forces to burn the farms, houses and strongholds associated with Clan Cumming in north-east Scotland. The Earldom of Buchan will never again rise for Clan Cumming.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#April_–_June", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1310, "year_label": "1310 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – King Edward II of England reaches Roxburgh after starting his invasion of the Kingdom of Scotland \"in the third week of September\". The campaign is fruitless, even though English forces under Piers Gaveston manage to reach as far north as Perth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018292#July_–_September", "title": "1310", "revid": 1332018292, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – English royal favourite Piers Gaveston, having returned secretly from two months exile on the continent, is reunited, probably at Knaresborough Castle, with King Edward II, who on January 18 restores all Gaveston's confiscated lands to him. They plan to travel to Scotland to seek help from King Robert the Bruce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#January_–_March", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Robert II, king of Scotland (House of Stuart) (d. 1390)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#Births", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Declaration of Arbroath: King Robert the Bruce sends a letter to Pope John XXII. He asks him to recognize Scottish sovereignty, and Robert's right to be ruler of Scotland, hoping that he will lift the excommunication order under which Robert is being held for the death of John Comyn III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#April_–_June", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Joan of the Tower, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1362)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#Births", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – David II, king of Scotland (Clan Bruce) (d. 1371)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#Births", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1328, "year_label": "1328 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton: England recognises Scotland as an independent nation, after the Wars of Scottish Independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344099935#Events", "title": "1328", "revid": 1344099935, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10–11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor: Edward Balliol rebels, and the English defeat the loyalists of David II in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Events", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1350, "year_label": "1350 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Black Death first appears in Scotland and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358971362#Date_unknown", "title": "1350", "revid": 1358971362, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Robert II becomes the first Stuart king of Scotland, after the death of his uncle, King David II, prompting a rebellion by the Earl of Douglas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#January–March", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#January–March", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland, dies while being held captive by his uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#January–March", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Battle of Harlaw in Scotland: Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, battle to a bloody draw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#July–September", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1413, "year_label": "1413 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull issued by Antipope Benedict XIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357114633#July–September", "title": "1413", "revid": 1357114633, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#Date_unknown", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1435, "year_label": "1435 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372061#Date_unknown", "title": "1435", "revid": 1370372061, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1437, "year_label": "1437 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – In a ceremony in Holyrood Abbey, six-year old Prince James is crowned as James II of Scotland by Pope Eugene IV. For the security of the crown, the capital of Scotland is moved from Dunfermline to Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358546204#January–March", "title": "1437", "revid": 1358546204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Edinburgh officially becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#Date_unknown", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1464, "year_label": "1464 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – The Treaty of York, a 15-year-truce is signed by representatives of the kingdoms of England (ruled by King Edward IV) and Scotland (ruled by King James III).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367795127#April–June", "title": "1464", "revid": 1367795127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1484, "year_label": "1484 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Treaty of Nottingham: A three-year truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346941150#July–September", "title": "1484", "revid": 1346941150, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The Truce of Coldstream secures a five-year peace between Scotland and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#October–December", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Commissioners from Scotland and England meet at Richmond Palace in London to finalize an agreement on the marriage between Scotland's King James IV to the daughter of England's King Henry VII, the princess Margaret Tudor, with a dowry of 35,000 Scottish Punnds and an agreement for a \"treaty of perpetual peace\". The marriage will be completed by proxy on January 25, 1503.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#January–March", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Achnashellach in Scotland: The Clan Cameron emerges victorious over Clan Munro and Clan MacKay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#Date_unknown", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland, to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar \"to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#July—September", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – England formally declares war on France and Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Battle of Haddon Rig: Scotland defeats England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#July–September", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Battle of Solway Moss: An English army invades Scotland, and defeats a Scottish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#October–December", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army, captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Battle of Ancrum Moor: The Scots are victorious over numerically superior English forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#January–March", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Battle of Pinkie Cleugh: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent. The English seize Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#July–September", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#July–September", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#January–March", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland later the same day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#July–September", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees across the Solway Firth from Scotland to England but on May 19 is placed in custody in Carlisle Castle on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I, her cousin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#April–June", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen consort of Scotland, at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#April–June", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Scotland adopts January 1 as New Year's Day instead of March 25.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#January–March", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1603, "year_label": "1603 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Queen Elizabeth I of England dies at Richmond Palace (having ruled since 1558). She is succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, King James VI of Scotland (where he has ruled since 1567), uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656830#January–March", "title": "1603", "revid": 1366656830, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – The first version of the Union Flag is created, to be worn as a national flag by English and Scottish ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#April–June", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "\"Egyptians\" (i.e., Romany people) are expelled from the Kingdom of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#Date_unknown", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – John Ogilvie, a Jesuit priest, is hanged and drawn at Glasgow Cross in Scotland for refusing to pledge allegiance to King James VI of Scotland; he will be canonised in 1976, becoming the only post-Reformation Scottish saint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#January–March", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in opposition to changes to the Church of Scotland proposed by King Charles I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#January–March", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 (May 3 N.S.) – King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#April–June", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 (O.S.) – William III and Mary II are crowned in London as King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the Estates of Scotland declare King James VII deposed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 (February 13, 1688 O.S.) – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#January–March", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#Date_unknown", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 wipes out almost a third of the population of Finland, while the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) takes out a fifth of the population of Estonia; and the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#Date_unknown", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "\"Seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#Ongoing", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › Ongoing"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – The Treaty of Union between Scotland and England is agreed upon in London, for ratification by the national legislatures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#July–September", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The Treaty (or Act) of Union, of the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, is ratified by the Parliament of Scotland by a vote of 110 to 68.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#January–March", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}