{"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188586", "qid": "Q188586", "description": "former state in southern Italy, 1130–1816", "entries": 76, "years": 67, "span": [1100, 1816], "span_label": ["1100 CE", "1816 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 18}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Births", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "charles-i-of-anjou", "label": "Charles I of Anjou", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-germany", "label": "Kingdom of Germany", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "palermo", "label": "Palermo", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roger-ii-of-sicily", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "papal-states", "label": "Papal States", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "republic-of-genoa", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-naples", "label": "Kingdom of Naples", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "capetian-house-of-anjou", "label": "Capetian House of Anjou", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Elvira of Castile, queen consort of Sicily (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Births", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "William I (\"the Wicked\"), king of Sicily (d. 1166)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Births", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Almoravid fleet attacks Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders. The same year the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Europe", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1150)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Births", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Margaret of Navarre, queen of Sicily (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Births", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Elvira of Castile, queen of Sicily (b. 1100)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Deaths", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tancred (\"the Monkey King\"), king of Sicily (d. 1194)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Births", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1139, "year_label": "1139 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Pope Innocent II, invading the Kingdom of Sicily, is ambushed at Galluccio and taken prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362158770#Europe", "title": "1139", "revid": 1362158770, "section": "Events › By region › Europe"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Roger II promulgates the Assizes of Ariano (a series of laws to rule the Norman Kingdom of Sicily) after the pacification of southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#Europe", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (b. 1126)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Deaths", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Roger II sends a Sicilian expedition under Admiral Philip of Mahdia to conquer Ifriqiya. With the support of Muslim troops, the Siculo-Normans suppress a rebellion on Djerba and invade the Kerkennah Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Africa", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sibylla of Acerra, queen and regent of Sicily (d. 1205)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Births", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – King Roger II dies at Palermo after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his fourth son William I (\"the Bad\"') as ruler of Sicily. William appoints Maio of Bari, a man of low birth, to chancellor and his adviser. He pursues his father's policy of strengthening authority over the towns and the Italian nobles, who rally around his cousin Robert III, count of Loritello, in Apulia and Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – Constance I, queen of Sicily (d. 1198)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Births", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1155, "year_label": "1155 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Bari rebels against King William I (\"the Bad\") of Sicily and recognizes the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos as its overlord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359485841#Europe", "title": "1155", "revid": 1359485841, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Pope Adrian IV comes to terms, and signs the Treaty of Benevento. He recognises the suzerainty of William I as ruler of Sicily and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Europe", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Almohads conquer Mahdia (modern Tunisia) from the Normans after an important naval success near the city, against Christian reinforcements coming from Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Africa", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Joan of England, queen consort of Sicily (d. 1199)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#Births", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near the Venetian settlements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – William I (\"the wicked\"), king of Sicily (b. 1120)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Deaths", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege of Alessandria in northern Italy. He is opposed by the Lombard League (now joined by Venice, Sicily and Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Europe", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Roger III, king of Sicily (House of Hauteville) (d. 1193)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Births", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Irene Angelina, queen of Germany and Sicily (d. 1208)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Births", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – The 18-year-old Prince Henry, eldest surviving son of Frederick I, is engaged to Princess Constance, heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily, at Augsburg in the episcopal palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Europe", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – William II (\"the Good\"), king of Sicily (b. 1153)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Deaths", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – King William II of Sicily (\"the Good\"), having made peace with Emperor Isaac II and abandoned Thessalonika and other conquests, dies childless at Palermo. The Sicilian nobles elect Tancred of Lecce (illegitimate son of Roger II) as the new ruler of Sicily, instead of Princess Constance and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Richard I arrives in Sicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister Joan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper Tancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King William II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on September 28.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Europe", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns to Germany. Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to Tancred of Lecce, king or usurper of Sicily. The populace of Salerno turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, and Margaritus of Brindisi delivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Roger III, king of Sicily (House of Hauteville)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Deaths", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily (b. 1138)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Deaths", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Emperor Henry VI enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, Constance I, against her illegitimate nephew, King Tancred of Lecce (who died on February 20). He takes Palermo (supported by the navy of Pisa and Genoa) and gains control of all of Sicily – ending Norman rule in Italy after 90 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Europe", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1197, "year_label": "1197 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down Jordan Lupin's insurrection in Sicily and southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224721#Europe", "title": "1197", "revid": 1371224721, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1199, "year_label": "1199 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Joan of England, queen of Sicily (b. 1165)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187159#Deaths", "title": "1199", "revid": 1369187159, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Prince Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to Sicily and then Rome where he is turned away by Pope Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Irene Angelina, queen consort of Sicily and Germany", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Deaths", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III after he occupies Apulia in southern Italy. Otto annuls the Concordat of Worms and demands from Innocent recognition of the imperial crown's right. A German civil war breaks out, and Otto prepares an invasion against Frederick II, king of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Europe", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in Split, in Dalmatia. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke Leopold VI (the Glorious). At the end of July, Pope Honorius III orders the crusaders assembled in Italy and Sicily to proceed to Cyprus, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states, Venice, Genoa and Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by Pope Honorius III. He makes Sicily an absolute monarchy and adopts Palermo as its principal seat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Europe", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Pope Honorius III sends a letter to the Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem, Francisco Clemente Pérez Capera, notifying him that the armies and navies of the Holy Roman Empire, the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Sicily will be departing soon to begin the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem from the Arab rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#January_–_March", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Beatrice of Provence, queen consort of Sicily (d. 1267)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Births", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1230, "year_label": "1230 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August", "text": "August – Treaty of Ceprano: Emperor Frederick II returns from the Sixth Crusade and signs a peace agreement with Pope Gregory IX at Ceprano. He agrees not to violate any territories held by the Papal States in return for Frederick's concessions in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333053721#Europe", "title": "1230", "revid": 1333053721, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1231, "year_label": "1231 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for Sicily, as well as the Edict of Salerno, regulating the exercise of medicine and separating the professions of physician and apothecary, and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488978#Europe", "title": "1231", "revid": 1367488978, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "unknown date – Manfred, king of Sicily (House of Hohenstaufen) (d. 1266)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#Births", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A German expeditionary force under Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, invades the Romagna and Tuscany, hoping to capture Rome. He appoints his 21-year-old son, Enzo of Sardinia, as imperial vicar general for Northern Italy. Frederick also threatens with war against Venice, which has sent ships to blockade the harbors on Sicily. In order to finance his growing need for arms, he institutes an administrative reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire (among others, the formation of 10 vice regencies in Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Europe", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Births", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Innocent IV offers the crown of Sicily, which he controls, to Richard of Cornwall and Charles of Anjou, both of whom refuse, and later to the 8-year-old Edmund, son of Henry III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Religion", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin (\"the Younger\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Europe", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Deaths", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Manfred, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, is crowned king of Sicily at Palermo. Pope Alexander IV, who has an alliance with the Saracens, declares the coronation void and excommunicates Manfred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Europe", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Urban IV offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, youngest son of King Louis VIII of France, hoping to strengthen his position.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Religion", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1268, "year_label": "1268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318265867#War_and_politics", "title": "1268", "revid": 1318265867, "section": "Events › By topic › War and politics"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – Frederick III, king of Sicily (d. 1337)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Births", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, occupies the city of Durrës, and establishes the Angevin Kingdom of Albania. A delegation of Albanian nobles and citizens from Durrës make their way to Charles' court.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gregory X obtains the region of Romagna from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as Holy Roman Emperor. With this important acquisition, the Papal States become the second-largest power block in Italy after the Kingdom of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#Religion", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Charles I, king of Sicily, buys the title to the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Maria of Antioch, for 1,000 bezants and an annual payment of 4,000 livres tournois.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Europe", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Byzantine–Venetian Treaty: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos concludes an agreement with the Republic of Venice. Stipulating a two-year truce, and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. Michael keeps the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of Charles I, king of Sicily, to organize an anti-Byzantine crusade, while the Venetians can retain their access to the Byzantine market.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – An Aragonese expeditionary army under King Peter III lands in North Africa at Collo, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself emir of the sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of Aragon. Peter's other son James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old Frederick, becomes co-ruler and regent of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Europe", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Pope Honorius IV dies after a 2-year pontificate at Rome. During his reign, he tries to restore Sicily to papal vassalage, but Honorius clashes with King Peter III (the Great), who supports Sicilian independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Religion", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Eleanor of Anjou, queen consort of Sicily (House of Anjou) (d. 1341)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Births", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\"), Charles II of Naples (\"the Lame\"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King Frederick III of Sicily on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Europe", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Peace of Caltabellotta is signed between King Charles the Lame, King of Naples and King Frederick III of Sicily, ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The Kingdom of Sicily will pass to Angevin rule on Frederick's death, in return Charles pays a tribute of some 100,000 ounces of gold. Frederick hands over all his possessions in Calabria and releases Charles' son Philip I, prince of Taranto, from his prison in Cefalù.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#July–September", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Peace is declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples with the signing of the Treaty of Villeneuve between Joanna of Anjou (ruler of Naples) and King Frederick IV of Aragon (ruler of Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#July–September", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The Treaty of Villeneuve, signed on August 20, 1372 to settle the dispute between the Capetian House of Anjou and the House of Barcelona over rule of the Kingdom of Sicily, is ratified by Queen Giovanna of Naples (for Anjou), acknowledging the loss of Sicily to King Frederick the Simple of Sicily of the House of Barcelona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#January–March", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – The Battle of Sanluri is fought at Sardinia between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Judicate of Arborea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#April–June", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1416, "year_label": "1416 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Alfonso V becomes the new King of Aragon and the new King of Sicily upon the death of his father, King Ferdinand I of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829186#April–June", "title": "1416", "revid": 1368829186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily), is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#January–March", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The Holy League is established as an alliance of the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Urbino, the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily under the rule of the Spanish Empire and the Knights of Malta for mutual defense against attacks by the Ottoman Empire on ships in the Mediterranean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#April–June", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – A Sicilian–Spanish galley fleet defeats the Tunisians at La Goulette after a battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#April–June", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – The Sicilians under de Aragon defeat the trade fleet of the Ottoman Empire, ending the Battle of Cape Corvo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#July–September", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Invasion of Naples: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies flees to the Kingdom of Sicily under British protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#January–March", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363267979#October–December", "title": "1816", "revid": 1363267979, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}