{"slug": "krakow", "label": "Kraków", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31487", "qid": "Q31487", "description": "capital city of Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland", "entries": 34, "years": 34, "span": [965, 1939], "span_label": ["965 CE", "1939 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "king-of-poland", "label": "King of Poland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lesser-poland", "label": "Lesser Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jadwiga-of-poland", "label": "Jadwiga of Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sigismund-iii-vasa", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sigismund-i-the-old", "label": "Sigismund I the Old", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "warsaw", "label": "Warsaw", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-poland-10251385", "label": "Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sigismund-ii-augustus", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-prussia", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia, expands his territory into the Polish territories of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland. By occupying the city of Kraków, he controls important trade routes from Prague to Kiev and Lviv. Prince Mieszko I of Poland makes an alliance with Boleslaus and marries his daughter Dobrawa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Europe", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Radim Gaudentius, from Slavník dynasty, and dioceses in Kołobrzeg, Kraków and Wrocław.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1039, "year_label": "1039 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Duke Casimir I the Restorer returns to Poland, and makes great efforts to rebuild the war-ruined country. He establishes his residence at Kraków (which becomes Poland's capital until 1596).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344928541#Europe", "title": "1039", "revid": 1344928541, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Bolesław III Wrymouth dies after a 31-year reign. He divides Poland among his sons: Władysław II the Exile receives Silesia and the Senioral territories – which include the Kraków and Łęczyca regions, as well as parts of Kujawy and Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). Bolesław IV the Curly receives Masovia and Mieszko III the Old receives the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland. The 7-year-old Henry becomes duke of Sandomierz. Bolesław's last son, Casimir II the Just], receives nothing, as he is born 8 days after his father's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Europe", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Casimir II the Just, High Duke of Poland, organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians. The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return in Kraków. On May 5, after a banquet, which is held to celebrate his return, Casimir dies unexpectedly (possibly poisoned). He is succeeded by his eldest surviving son Leszek the White, who has to face strong opposition from his uncle Mieszko III the Old.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Europe", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1241, "year_label": "1241 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Battle of Chmielnik (Mongol invasion of Poland): The Mongols overwhelm the feudal Polish armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces, and plunder the abandoned city of Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362486166#Events", "title": "1241", "revid": 1362486166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The city of Kraków is granted Magdeburg rights by High Duke Bolesław V the Chaste, having been rebuilt after being nearly destroyed during the First Mongol invasion of Poland (but Second invasion comes in 1259).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#City_and_Towns", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By topic › City and Towns"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Talabuga Khan and Nogai Khan, attack Poland for the third time. The cities of Lublin, Sandomierz and Sieradz are devastated by the invaders. Nogai Khan besieges Kraków and launches an unsuccessful assault on the fortified city, suffering heavy casualties in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Duke Władysław I Łokietek (\"Ladislaus the Short\") becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#January_–_March", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – The Jagiellonian University is founded in Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – At the age of 10, Jadwiga is crowned \"King\" of Poland in Kraków following the 1382 death of her father, King Louis of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#October–December", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – In celebration of the marriage of Wilhelm the Courteous, Duke of Austria, to Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, the leaders of the city of Kraków grant amnesty to the prisoners in the city jail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#July–September", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania is baptized by the Roman Catholic Bishop Bodzanta of Gniezno at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków after converting to Christianity, and takes the name Wladyslaw II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#January–March", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#July–September", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – At Kraków, King Wladyslaw II of Poland issues the rule of 'Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum' barring the arrest of any member of Poland's nobility unless that person has first been found guilty of an offense.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#January–March", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The coronation of Wladyslaw III as King of Poland takes place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#July–September", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The strongest earthquake on record in Poland kills at least 30 people and damages buildings in Kraków and Wrocław, and in Timișoara and Oradea in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#April–June", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474, an astronomical wall calendar, is published in Kraków, the oldest known printing in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Date_unknown", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Sigismund I the Old is formally crowned King of Poland, at a ceremony in Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#January–March", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Bona Sforza of Italy, daughter of the late Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, marries King Sigismund of Poland by proxy at Naples, then begins a three month journey to Kraków to assume the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#October–December", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – An assassination attempt is made against King Sigismund of Poland, who is shot at while walking outside his residence at Wawel Castle overlooking Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first book in Yiddish is printed (in Kraków), Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#Date_unknown", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Lithuanian noble Barbara Radziwiłł, wife of Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania since 1547, has an elaborate coronation in Kraków as Queen consort and Grand Duchess, five months before her death at the age of 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#Births", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Postal history of Poland: King Sigismund II Augustus appoints an Italian merchant living in Kraków to organise a consolidated postal service in Poland, the origin of Poczta Polska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#October–December", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The French Duke of Anjou, recently elected as King Henry of Poland, departs from Metz with an entourage of 1,200 people, arriving at Kraków on February 18.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#October–December", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – King Henry III of France, who had been selected in 1573 by the nobles of Poland and Lithuania to be King of Poland as Henryk Walezy, is stripped of his Polish and Lithuanian titles after failing to return to Kraków by the deadline imposed by the Polish nobility.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#April–June", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1587, "year_label": "1587 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Sigismund III Vasa is formally crowned as King Zygmunt Waza of Poland and Duke of Lithuania in a coronation ceremony at Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478812#October–December", "title": "1587", "revid": 1362478812, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Sigismund III Vasa moves the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#Date_unknown", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#January–March", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sigismund's Column is erected in Warsaw to commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who moved the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#Date_unknown", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Kraków (Poland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#October_–December", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The formal coronation of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as King of Poland (and Grand Duke of Lithuania) takes place in Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#July–September", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – WWII: Sonderaktion Krakau – Germans take action against scientists from the University of Kraków, and other Kraków universities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#November", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › November"}}]}