{"slug": "late-roman-army", "label": "Late Roman army", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Roman_army", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4859057", "qid": "Q4859057", "description": "historical military organization", "entries": 22, "years": 22, "span": [324, 492], "span_label": ["324 CE", "492 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 19}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alemanni", "label": "Alemanni", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "illyricum-roman-province", "label": "Illyricum (Roman province)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thessaloniki", "label": "Thessaloniki", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "burgundians", "label": "Burgundians", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "geneva", "label": "Geneva", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "flavius-aetius", "label": "Flavius Aetius", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine reorganises the Roman army in smaller units classified into three grades: palatini, (imperial escort armies); comitatenses, (forces based in frontier provinces) and limitanei (auxilia border troops).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 344, "year_label": "344 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Constantius wins a close victory, at the strongly fortified city of Singara (Mesopotamia). His enemy, King Shapur II, is forced to lift the siege, and withdraw the Persian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314901826#Roman_Empire", "title": "344", "revid": 1314901826, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 354, "year_label": "354 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of the armies of the West having been largely withdrawn by the usurper Magnus Magnentius, to fight Constantius II, hordes of barbarians (Franks and Alemanni) cross the upper Rhine into Gaul and invade the lands of the Helvetians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267529595#Europe", "title": "354", "revid": 1267529595, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 356, "year_label": "356 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Brumath: Roman forces pursue Germanic warbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle near Brumath (Alsace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369161915#Roman_Empire", "title": "356", "revid": 1369161915, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 357, "year_label": "357 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331328193#Roman_Empire", "title": "357", "revid": 1331328193, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 363, "year_label": "363 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – The Roman army starts its retreat northward to Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307501#Roman_Empire", "title": "363", "revid": 1367307501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Lutetia (Paris) and establishes a militia to defend the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Willows: The Romans abandon the guerrilla strategy and are attacked by the Goths. The battle is indecisive but both sides suffer heavy casualties. The only Roman army available to face the Goths is no longer a fighting force. Richomeres withdraws his troops south of Marcianople (Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Mavia, with her Saracen forces, defeats the Roman army in southern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Macedonia) breaks out into violence after the arrest of a popular charioteer. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I orders vengeance, despite the pleas for mercy by Ambrose, bishop of Milan; more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Roman_Empire", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 394, "year_label": "394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Roman army: The Notitia Dignitatum shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369162073#Roman_Empire", "title": "394", "revid": 1369162073, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 406, "year_label": "406 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Radagaisus is executed; 12,000 \"barbarians\" are incorporated into the Roman army, or sold as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305888876#Roman_Empire", "title": "406", "revid": 1305888876, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 420, "year_label": "420 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman army under command of vicar Maurocellus suffers a defeat at Braga in Gallaecia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371542443#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 420", "revid": 1371542443, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 422, "year_label": "422 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman army invades Gaul; they capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741789#Europe", "title": "422", "revid": 1364741789, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 424, "year_label": "424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – A Roman army under the command of Ardaburius leaves Thessalonica (modern Central Macedonia) and marches for Northern Italy, where they make their base at Aquileia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367765710#Roman_Empire", "title": "424", "revid": 1367765710, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sebastianus, son-in-law of Bonifacius, becomes supreme commander (magister militum) of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Roman_Empire", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 443, "year_label": "443 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Burgundians sign a peace treaty with Rome, agreeing to serve as foederati in the Roman army. They begin to move from the Upper Rhine and Flavius Aetius, commander-in-chief (magister militum), gives them land in the Geneva area (Maxima Sequanorum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326559931#Europe", "title": "443", "revid": 1326559931, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats the Roman army near the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege of Constantinople. They march north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (including Thrace, Scythia, Moesia, Dacia and Illyricum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Byzantium", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Majorian is acclaimed emperor by the Roman army, after defeating 900 Alemanni near Lake Maggiore (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Roman_Empire", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Vandals land in Campania, at the mouth of the Liri or the Garigliano River, and devastate the region. Majorian personally leads the Roman army and defeats the invaders near Sinuessa, destroying their ships on the seashore, loaded with booty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 486, "year_label": "486 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Franco-Roman War of 486 – Battle of Soissons (Gaul): Frankish forces under King Clovis I defeat the Roman army of Syagrius. Roman rule under Syagrius ends. The land between the Somme and the Loire becomes a part of the Frankish Empire. Syagrius flees to the Visigoths (under King Alaric II), but Clovis threatens war, and he is handed over for execution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789363#Europe", "title": "486", "revid": 1340789363, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 492, "year_label": "492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cotyaeum: The Isaurian rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army, under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback (subordinate commanders include the future Justin I). They retreat to their mountain fortresses, and continue guerrilla warfare against the Roman forces until 497.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790258#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "492", "revid": 1340790258, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}