{"slug": "latin", "label": "Latin", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397", "qid": "Q397", "description": "Indo-European language of the Italic branch", "entries": 43, "years": 43, "span": [-669, 1928], "span_label": ["670 BCE", "1928 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jerome", "label": "Jerome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "theodoric-the-great", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "leo-i-emperor", "label": "Leo I (emperor)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "africa-roman-province", "label": "Africa (Roman province)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -669, "year_label": "670 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mettius Fufetius, Latin king of Alba Longa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510223#Deaths", "title": "670 BC", "revid": 1370510223, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -267, "year_label": "268 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans found a colony at Malventum which they, for superstitious reasons, call Beneventum (since male means bad and bene means good in Latin).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369785417#Roman_Republic", "title": "268 BC", "revid": 1369785417, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first Latin tragedy by Livius Andronicus, Achilles, is first produced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#Literature", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -234, "year_label": "235 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A work by the Latin epic poet and dramatist Gnaeus Naevius is performed for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342603103#Literature", "title": "235 BC", "revid": 1342603103, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist of the Old Latin period, who invented a new genre of written historical plays called fabulae praetextae, which are based on Roman historical or legendary figures and events (b. c. 264 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Deaths", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -183, "year_label": "184 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Titus Macchius Plautus, Roman comic dramatist, whose works, loosely adapted from Greek plays, established a truly Roman drama in the Latin language (b. c. 254 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283638793#Deaths", "title": "184 BC", "revid": 1283638793, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -168, "year_label": "169 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Ennius, Roman epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets – and often called the founder of Roman literature or the father of Roman poetry. His epic Annales, a poem telling the story of Rome from the wanderings of Aeneas to Ennius' own time, remains the national epic until it is later eclipsed by Virgil's Aeneid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360213483#Deaths", "title": "169 BC", "revid": 1360213483, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Terentius Afer (Terence), Roman comic dramatist, the author of six verse comedies that are long regarded as models of pure Latin (b. c. 195 BC) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Deaths", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -104, "year_label": "105 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Decimus Laberius, Roman nobleman and Latin writer (d. 43 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225571066#Births", "title": "105 BC", "revid": 1225571066, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -93, "year_label": "94 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first (failed) attempt to open a Latin rhetorical school.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139783#Roman_Republic", "title": "94 BC", "revid": 1305139783, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -81, "year_label": "82 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Valerius Soranus, Roman politician and Latin poet (executed by order of Sulla)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262234047#Deaths", "title": "82 BC", "revid": 1262234047, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -13, "year_label": "14 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Varius Rufus, Roman Latin poet and writer", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034303#Deaths", "title": "14 BC", "revid": 1372034303, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sextius Propertius, Roman Latin poet and writer (b. c. 50–45 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#Deaths", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 4, "year_label": "4 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "AD 4 – Columella, Roman Latin writer (d. AD 70)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Births", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Hyginus, Roman Latin writer", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#17_AD", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Deaths › 17 AD"}}, {"year": 38, "year_label": "38 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Valerius Martialis, Roman Latin poet (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#38_AD", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Births › 38 AD"}}, {"year": 321, "year_label": "321 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Calcidius translates Plato into Latin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598330#Art_and_Science", "title": "321", "revid": 1360598330, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jerome, having finished the Latin translation of the New Testament, begins translating the Old Testament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Religion", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jerome's Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin is completed by his translations of the Tanakh from the Hebrew language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Religion", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 459, "year_label": "459 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I signs a peace treaty with the Ostrogoths. King Theodemir sends his son, the future Theodoric the Great, age 5, as a child hostage to Constantinople. He learns at court about Latin, military tactics and religion (until 469).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077454#Roman_Empire", "title": "459", "revid": 1267077454, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (approximate date) (d. 600)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Births", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (or 600)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Deaths", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Heraclian revolt: Heraclius arrives with a fleet from Africa at Constantinople. Assisted by an uprising in the capital, he overthrows and personally beheads Emperor Phocas. Heraclius gains the throne with help from his father Heraclius the Elder. His first major act is to change the official language of the Byzantine Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Rothari of the Lombards issues the Edictum Rothari, which is the first codification of Lombard law (written in Latin). The edict guarantees rights only for Lombard subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Europe", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Ratchis codifies the Lombard laws, promulgated in Latin, and advised by his council and the Lombard army (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Europe", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Trpimir I, duke (knez) of Croatia, and founder of the Trpimirović dynasty, issues a first state document in Bijaći of all Slavonic peoples. In this Latin document Trpimir refers to himself as the \"duke of the Croats\" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the \"state of the Croats\" (regnum Chroatorum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Europe", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 880, "year_label": "880 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope John VIII issues the bull Industriae Tuae, creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia, with archbishop Methodius as its head. Old Church Slavonic is recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372561483#Religion", "title": "880", "revid": 1372561483, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – King Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish Vikings to withdraw, consolidated England around Wessex, divided parts of Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Edward the Elder as king of Wessex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Britain", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1027, "year_label": "1027 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Book of Healing (Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna (Abū ʿAlī ibn Sīnā), is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215196#Science,_technology_and_medicine", "title": "1027", "revid": 1342215196, "section": "Events › By topic › Science, technology and medicine"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Religion", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Adelard of Bath, an English philosopher, translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical works into Latin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Literature", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Robert of Ketton makes the first European translation of the Qur'an for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, into Latin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Literature", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adam of Saint Victor, French Latin poet and composer", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Deaths", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – University of Paris strike: Students begin to riot, after a dispute over a bill with a tavern proprietor. Queen Blanche of Castile demands retribution, and allows the city guard to punish the student rioters. She puts an economic strain upon the student quarter of Paris (the Latin Quarter), where Latin is commonly heard in the streets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Europe", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#Europe", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Catholicon, a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John of Genoa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#Art_and_culture", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and culture"}}, {"year": 1471, "year_label": "1471 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Marsilio Ficino's translation of the Corpus Hermeticum into Latin, De potestate et sapientia Dei, is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370196979#Date_unknown", "title": "1471", "revid": 1370196979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The first complete inside edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (Latin translation) is published in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#January–March", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. December – Thomas More's most famous work, Utopia, completed this year, is published in Leuven (in Latin).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Chinese Rites controversy: Rome decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – English replaces Latin and Law French as the official language of English and Scottish courts following the enforcement of the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#January–March", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – In a speech before The Asiatic Society in Calcutta, Sir William Jones notes the formal resemblances between Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, laying the foundation for comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#January–March", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Turkey passes a law switching the country from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#November", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › November"}}]}