{"slug": "latvia", "label": "Latvia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211", "qid": "Q211", "description": "sovereign state in northeastern Europe", "entries": 30, "years": 28, "span": [1207, 2016], "span_label": ["1207 CE", "2016 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "lithuania", "label": "Lithuania", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "slovenia", "label": "Slovenia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "livonia", "label": "Livonia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "riga", "label": "Riga", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "slovakia", "label": "Slovakia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1207, "year_label": "1207 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising modern-day Estonia and Latvia, is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. During its existence there is a constant struggle over supremacy between the lands ruled by the Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348494398#Europe", "title": "1207", "revid": 1348494398, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1435, "year_label": "1435 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – The Livonian Confederation, with a capital at Valka (now on the border of Latvia and Lithuania) is formed by an agreement signed at Valka by the Archbishop of Riga; Courland; the Dorpat; the Ösel–Wiek and bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and its vassals; and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372061#October–December", "title": "1435", "revid": 1370372061, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – The Treaty of Mozhaysk is signed between Denmark and Russia to avoid going to war against each other over the Kingdom of Livonia, now divided into Estonia and Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#July–September", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#January–March", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Walk (modern-day Valka and Valga, towns in Latvia and Estonia respectively), receives city rights from Polish king Stefan Bathory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#April–June", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611): The Battle of Kokenhausen is fought at Koknese in Livonia (now Latvia) after Swedish troops had invaded the Lithuanian territory). The Polish hussars, commanded by Prince Krzysztof Radziwill, overwhelm a numerically superior force of Swedish attackers led by General Carl Gyllenhielm, and over 2,000 Swedish soldiers are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#April–June", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#January–March", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – In one of the first battles of the Russo-Swedish War, Russian troops capture the Swedish-controlled city of Kokenhusen in Swedish Livonia (Latvia). Tsar Alexis, ruler of the Russian Empire and the leader of the Russian troops in battle, renames Kokenhausen \"Tsarevich-Dmitriev\" in honor of his late first-born son. Russia holds the city for more than 30 years before it is ceded back to Sweden. Kokenhusen is now the Latvian town of Koknese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#July–September", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#October–December", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 (Gregorian), February 12 (Julian) – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Great Northern War: At the Battle of Gemauerthof, fought in modern-day Latvia, Swedish forces under the command of General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt overwhelm a much larger force of Russian troops commanded by Count Boris Sheremetev, killing 2,000 Russians and wounding as many as 3,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#July–September", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The pro-German Baltische Landeswehr signs a peace treaty with Estonia and Latvia. The pro-German Prime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on July 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#July", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The advancing pro-German Baltische Landeswehr initiates war against Estonia in Northern Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#June", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – \"Litvinov's Pact\" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#May–June", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Fire destroys 214 buildings in Ludza, Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#June", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#August", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "Occupation of the Baltic states: The Soviet Union occupies Estonia and Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#June", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – June deportation: Soviet officials deport about 65,000 people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Siberia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Operation Priboi: An extensive deportation campaign begins in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltic states to remote areas of the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#March", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#August", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#October", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Russian Army leaves Estonia and Latvia, ending the last traces of Eastern Europe's Soviet occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#August", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first SampTA conference for mathematicians, engineers and applied scientists is held in Riga, Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#Date_unknown", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#April", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#March", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the Schengen border-free zone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#December", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis and Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia, officially demarcating the border between the two.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#March", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Latvia becomes the 35th member of the OECD.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#July", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › July"}}]}