{"slug": "leiden", "label": "Leiden", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43631", "qid": "Q43631", "description": "city and municipality in South Holland, the Netherlands", "entries": 7, "years": 7, "span": [1291, 1637], "span_label": ["1291 CE", "1637 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "county-of-holland", "label": "County of Holland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "puritans", "label": "Puritans", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dordrecht", "label": "Dordrecht", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "albert-i-duke-of-bavaria", "label": "Albert I, Duke of Bavaria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "rene-descartes", "label": "René Descartes", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Four towns of the County of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the County of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count Floris V. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Economy", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By topic › Economy"}}, {"year": 1393, "year_label": "1393 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Hook and Cod wars: In Holland, after a revolt in Leiden by the \"Hooks\", elite members and guild members in the community, Albrecht van Beieren, Count of Holland, revokes promises previously made to the Hooks for more autonomy, appoints a new bench of adlermen from the \"Cods\" (his supporters), and punishes many of the rebels, either by exiling them or requiring them to go on the next pilgrimage to the Middle East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561364#April_–_June", "title": "1393", "revid": 1369561364, "section": "April – June"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – The vandalism of the Beeldenstorm reaches Leiden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#July–September", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggars fleet under Louis Boisot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#October–December", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Hugo Grotius publishes Mare Liberum, his legal text on freedom of the seas, in Leiden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#Date_unknown", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 (July 22 OS) – The ship Speedwell departs Delfshaven with English separatist Puritans from Leiden bound to rendezvous with the Mayflower; on August 5 (July 26 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "René Descartes promotes intellectual rigour in his Discourse on the Method, and introduces the Cartesian coordinate system in its appendix La Géométrie (published in Leiden).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#Date_unknown", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}