{"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1016", "qid": "Q1016", "description": "sovereign state in North Africa", "entries": 49, "years": 46, "span": [-1220, 2023], "span_label": ["1221 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "cyrenaica", "label": "Cyrenaica", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "algeria", "label": "Algeria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "arab-people", "label": "Arab people", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tripolitania", "label": "Tripolitania", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -1220, "year_label": "1221 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151239#Events_and_trends", "title": "1220s BC", "revid": 1307151239, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Egypt", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -630, "year_label": "631 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cyrene, a Greek colony in present-day Libya, North Africa, is founded by emigrants from the island of Thera (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371149156#Events", "title": "631 BC", "revid": 1371149156, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -485, "year_label": "486 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598378#Persian_Empire", "title": "486 BC", "revid": 1360598378, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -484, "year_label": "485 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I is just beginning his reign after the death of his father Darius the Great in 486 BC. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598373#Persian_Empire", "title": "485 BC", "revid": 1360598373, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -463, "year_label": "464 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884953#Persian_Empire", "title": "464 BC", "revid": 1288884953, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "By custom, kings in Macedonia assert their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. To pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, Ptolemy has Alexander the Great's body brought to Memphis, Egypt and buried there in a gold sarcophagus. Ptolemy then marries Alexander's mistress, Thaïs and commences to reign as king of Egypt and the adjacent Libyan and Arabian regions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Egypt", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magas has to stop his advance against Ptolemy II due to an internal revolt by the Libyan Marmaridae nomads.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Egypt", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Magas of Cyrene, king of Cyrenaica (modern Libya) (b. c. 320 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Deaths", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and request payment for the non-mercenary Libyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis. Negotiations break down, Gisco is captured, and the Mercenary War commences.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Carthage", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, king of Cyrenaica (in modern Libya), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt (b. c. 267 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Deaths", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -95, "year_label": "96 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrenaica (modern Libya)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884921#Deaths", "title": "96 BC", "revid": 1288884921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra; he declares Caesarion, Caesar's illegitimate son, as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus. Alexander Helios receives Armenia and Media; to Cleopatra Selene II he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus receives the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony establishes Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of \"Queen of Kings\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – Cleopatra Selene II, Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Deaths", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Religion", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Africa", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Garamantian Kingdom (modern Libya) signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The capital city of Garama is converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "'Amr ibn al-'As sends a detachment to Sabratha (modern Libya). The city puts up feeble resistance, but soon surrenders and agrees to pay Jizya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Africa", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: An Arab army (40,000 men) advances through the desert, and captures the Byzantine city of Barca (Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Arabian_Empire", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces conquer the Garamantes in the Sahara desert (Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Ifriqiya (western Libya), builds a Muslim fleet to harass the Byzantine navy and conquer the islands of Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquers Tripolitania from the Ibadites (a puritanical Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa Mountains (northwestern Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Africa", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The last evidence of indigenous Christian and non-Arabophone culture in Tripolitania (modern Libya) is seen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Africa", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Africa", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#April–June", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them to Tarhuna Wa Msalata (in modern-day Libya), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Misirliohlu Ibrahim Pasha becomes the new ruler of Tripolitania, a province of the Ottoman Empire at the time and now part of the North African nation of Libya. He reigns for 19 months as the Beylerbey of Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#April–June", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Lions become extinct in Libya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#Date_unknown", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Marshal Pietro Badoglio declares the end of Libyan resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#January", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, Chief of the Senussi order in Libya (b. 1873)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#March", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Deaths › March"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – WWII: Battle of Bardia in Libya: Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The United Nations accepts the formation of the Libyan National Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#November", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Libya becomes independent from Britain and France; Idris I is proclaimed King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#December", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – 1969 Libyan coup d'état: A bloodless coup in Libya ousts King Idris and brings Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#September", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Gulf of Sidra incident: Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi sends two Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets to intercept two U.S. Navy fighters over the Gulf of Sidra. The U.S. jets destroy the Libyan fighters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#August", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan state-sponsored terrorism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#March", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: The West Berlin discothèque La Belle, a known hangout for United States soldiers, is bombed, killing three and injuring 230; Libya is held responsible.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#April", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Chadian–Libyan conflict – Battle of Fada: The Chadian army destroys a Libyan armoured brigade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#January", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Gaddafi announces that Algeria and Libya have \"agreed in principle\" to a proposed union of the two states, which Gaddafi suggests should be named \"Algibya.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#October", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Libya is suspected of involvement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#December", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#August", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The New York Times discloses involvement of West German company Imhausen and Salzgitter AG in building a chemical weapon plant in Rabta, Libya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#January", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 \"Floggers\" are engaged and shot down by two US Navy F-14 Tomcats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#January", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes at runway at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, killing 103 of the 104 people on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#May", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – The Egyptian military begins conducting airstrikes against a branch of the Islamic militant group ISIL in Libya in retaliation for the group's beheading of over a dozen Egyptian Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#February", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Second Libyan Civil War: The Libyan National Army (LNA) launches a surprise offensive in western Libya, moving units towards the Government of National Accord-held capital Tripoli and capturing Gharyan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#April", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says the military alliance is \"ready to support\" the UN-recognized Government of National Accord in Libya while Greece, a member state of NATO, strongly criticizes Stoltenberg's remarks, saying his recognition of the \"Muslim Brotherhood government\" does not reflect the positions of the military alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Storm Daniel, a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, kills at least 5,000 people, with a further 10,000 to 100,000 reported missing. In the city of Derna in Libya, two dams collapse, resulting in a quarter of the city being destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#September", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › September"}}]}