{"slug": "livonia", "label": "Livonia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183464", "qid": "Q183464", "description": "historic region along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea", "entries": 8, "years": 8, "span": [1201, 1658], "span_label": ["1201 CE", "1658 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "latvia", "label": "Latvia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "riga", "label": "Riga", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "grand-duchy-of-lithuania", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "narva", "label": "Narva", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tsardom-of-russia", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sigismund-ii-augustus", "label": "Sigismund II Augustus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "teutonic-order", "label": "Teutonic Order", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "livonian-order", "label": "Livonian Order", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "grand-duchy-of-moscow", "label": "Grand Duchy of Moscow", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Northern Crusades: The town of Riga is chartered as a city by Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Livonia, who has landed on the site with some 1,500 Crusaders earlier in the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#Europe", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Caupo of Turaida, king of Livonia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Deaths", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark (\"Menved\") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#Europe", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – A large army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow overruns Livonia during the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Treaty of Vilnius is concluded during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjects itself to Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the Tsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#October–December", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#January–March", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611): The Battle of Kokenhausen is fought at Koknese in Livonia (now Latvia) after Swedish troops had invaded the Lithuanian territory). The Polish hussars, commanded by Prince Krzysztof Radziwill, overwhelm a numerically superior force of Swedish attackers led by General Carl Gyllenhielm, and over 2,000 Swedish soldiers are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#April–June", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#October–December", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}