{"slug": "llywelyn-ap-gruffudd", "label": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369651", "qid": "Q369651", "description": "Prince of Gwynedd", "entries": 10, "years": 9, "span": [1223, 1282], "span_label": ["1223 CE", "1282 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "edward-i-of-england", "label": "Edward I of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "prince-of-wales", "label": "Prince of Wales", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "henry-iii-of-england", "label": "Henry III of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "France in the Middle Ages", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "simon-de-montfort-6th-earl-of-leicester", "label": "Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "chester", "label": "Chester", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "windsor-castle", "label": "Windsor Castle", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-gwynedd", "label": "Kingdom of Gwynedd", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (d. 1282)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Births", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Bryn Derwin: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeats his two brothers Dafydd ap Gruffydd and Owain Goch ap Gruffydd, to become sole ruler of northern Wales. Dafydd and Owain are both imprisoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#The_British_Isles", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › The British Isles"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas of Wales that agreed to English rule in 1254. The Lord Edward, who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III of England, asks him for support but Henry refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#British_Isles", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cadfan: An English expeditionary army under Stephen Bauzan is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces. The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train. Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1,000–3,000 of his men. The remaining English flee the battle, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is said to have been present at the battle, collecting spoils from the fallen English army. According to sources, it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#British_Isles", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd proclaims himself Prince of Wales, first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility. He becomes the final ruler of an independent Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#British_Isles", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Europe", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\") demands a meeting with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, at Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon de Montfort, but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#British_Isles", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Treaty of Aberconwy: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and King Edward I of England sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of Gwynedd.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Britain", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge: English forces (some 6,000 men) under Edward I of England defeat a Welsh army near Cilmeri. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Welsh forces under Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attack and take control of Hawarden Castle. The garrison is massacred and Constable Roger de Clifford is taken prisoner. Llywelyn, who has sworn fealty to King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\"), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by Edward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}