{"slug": "lombard-league", "label": "Lombard League", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623476", "qid": "Q623476", "description": "medieval anti-Hohenstaufen military coalition", "entries": 7, "years": 7, "span": [1167, 1248], "span_label": ["1167 CE", "1248 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "frederick-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "brescia", "label": "Brescia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parma", "label": "Parma", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northern-italy", "label": "Northern Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-alexander-iii", "label": "Pope Alexander III", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "piacenza", "label": "Piacenza", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Europe", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege of Alessandria in northern Italy. He is opposed by the Lombard League (now joined by Venice, Sicily and Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Europe", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Battle of Legnano: The Imperial army (some 5,500 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) is defeated by forces of the Lombard League, leading to the pactum Anagnium (the Agreement of Anagni).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Europe", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Peace of Constance is signed, between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League, forming the legal basis for the autonomy of the Italian city republics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Europe", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Events › By area › Europe"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) to crush the rebellious Lombard League. He crosses the Alps to Verona – where he is joined by Lord Ezzelino III da Romano, including troops from Brescia, Vicenza, Padua and Treviso. Frederick relies on his allies for support and in doing so, he provokes the opposition of earlier supporters, such as the House of Este, which now sides with the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Europe", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Europe", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Europe", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}