{"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130900", "qid": "Q130900", "description": "historical ethnical group", "entries": 122, "years": 102, "span": [166, 1345], "span_label": ["166 CE", "1345 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 39}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 38}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "liutprand-king-of-the-lombards", "label": "Liutprand, King of the Lombards", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "duchy-of-benevento", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "pavia", "label": "Pavia", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-the-lombards", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "agilulf", "label": "Agilulf", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "desiderius", "label": "Desiderius", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "charlemagne", "label": "Charlemagne", "shared": 7}], "items": [{"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 510, "year_label": "510 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tato, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739939#Deaths", "title": "510", "revid": 1364739939, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Waldrada, Lombard princess (d. 572)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Births", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Walthari murders his uncle Wacho and becomes king of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Europe", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Authari, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Births", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Audoin murders and succeeds Walthari as king of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Europe", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Walthari, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Deaths", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Turismod, prince of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Deaths", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Europe", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 560, "year_label": "560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alboin succeeds his father Audoin after his death, as king of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354969984#Europe", "title": "560", "revid": 1354969984, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 560, "year_label": "560 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Audoin, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354969984#Deaths", "title": "560", "revid": 1354969984, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Justin II sends his son-in-law Baduarius (magister militum) with a Byzantine army, to support the Gepids in their war against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Audoin, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Deaths", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine army, under command of Baduarius, assists the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. The Byzantines win the first battle in the lower Danube (Moesia), but Gepid King Cunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city of Sirmium (modern Serbia), as he had promised.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 567, "year_label": "567 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombard–Gepid War (567) ends with a Lombard-Avar victory, and the annihilation of the Gepids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800789#Europe", "title": "567", "revid": 1340800789, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Europe", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spoleto becomes the capital of an independent duchy, under the Lombard chieftain Faroald (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Europe", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards (d. 628)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Births", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 571, "year_label": "571 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Benevento becomes the capital of an independent duchy, under the Lombard chieftain Zotto (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751956#Europe", "title": "571", "revid": 1364751956, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Pavia (569–572): King Alboin captures Ticinum (Pavia); after a siege the Byzantine garrison surrenders to the Lombards. The city is of strategic importance, lying at the rivers Po and Ticino, and becomes the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Europe", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Waldrada, Lombard princess (b. 531)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Deaths", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Europe", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Deaths", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards again raid Southern Gaul, but are defeated by the Franks under Mummolus, patricius and son of the Gallo-Roman count of Auxerre, and are driven out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Europe", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleph, king of the Lombards (or 575)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Deaths", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 576, "year_label": "576 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Baduarius, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor Justin II, is sent to Italy to resist the Lombard conquest. He leads an aborted counter-assault against the Lombards and dies soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801569#Europe", "title": "576", "revid": 1340801569, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Pope Benedict I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by Pelagius II as the 63rd pope. During the Lombard siege of Rome, he labors to solve the problems of famine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Religion", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople, with a gift (3,000 pounds of gold) to Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, along with a plea for help against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under Zotto, Duke of Benevento, sack the abbey of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Europe", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards re-establish a unified monarchy after a 10-year interregnum (Rule of the Dukes). Threatened by a Frankish invasion that the dukes have provoked, they elect Authari (son of Cleph) as their king and give him the capital of Pavia (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 588, "year_label": "588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram and his nephew Childebert II invade Northern Italy, but suffer a disastrous defeat against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753170#Europe", "title": "588", "revid": 1364753170, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence at court and among the Lombard nobility.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Europe", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks again invade Italy; they capture Modena and Mantua. Several Lombard dukes defect: Gisulf I, duke of Friuli, is defeated and replaced by his son Gisulf II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Europe", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Authari, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Deaths", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Agilulf, cousin of Authari (called \"the Thuringian\"), is raised on the shield (a ceremonial investment) by Lombard warriors in Milan. He becomes king of the Lombards, on advice of the Lombard dukes (dux). Agilulf marries widowed queen Theodelinda and is baptized to please her.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Europe", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gundeberga, queen of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Births", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards sack the town of Terracina (Central Italy). After they conquer more cities, Terracina remains an important military stronghold of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Europe", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maurice makes peace with King Agilulf, conceding northern Italy. Pope Gregory I the Great negotiates a truce, ending 30 years of Lombard terror. Agilulf expands the Lombard Kingdom by occupying Sutri and Perugia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Europe", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Callinicus breaks the truce by kidnapping the Lombard daughter of King Agilulf, beginning a war with the Exarchate of Ravenna (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Europe", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "King Agilulf of the Lombards and Queen Theodelinda build a palace complex at Monza, northeast of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 601, "year_label": "601 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under King Agilulf expand into Northern Italy, establishing a settlement with the Franks and maintaining intermittent relationships with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903478#Europe", "title": "601", "revid": 1364903478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice succeeds in winning over the Avars to Byzantine rule, but his campaigns against the Avars, Lombards, Persians and Slavs drain the imperial treasury, requiring an increase in taxes. He orders the troops to stay for winter beyond the Danube, but a mutiny breaks out under Phocas. He brings the Byzantine forces back over the Danube and marches on to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Adaloald, king of the Lombards (d. 626)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Births", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 603, "year_label": "603 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Agilulf besieges Cremona, and with the assistance of the Slavs the city is destroyed. He captures Padua and Mantua (Northern Italy); its territory is divided between the Lombard duchies of Brescia and Bergamo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752956#Europe", "title": "603", "revid": 1364752956, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Phocas recognizes Agilulf as king of the Lombards, and signs a peace treaty. He pays a tribute and cedes Orvieto (Central Italy), among other towns. The Byzantine army is withdrawn from the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Europe", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Adaloald, age 14, succeeds his father Agilulf as Lombard king of Italy. He reigns under his mother Theodelinda as regent. The Lombard Kingdom gradually begins to convert to Catholicism, and establishes peace with the Exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Europe", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agilulf, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Deaths", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arioald succeeds his brother-in-law Adaloald as king of the Lombards, and afterwards goes insane. Arioald has his wife locked up in a monastery, accusing her of plotting against him with Grasulf II, duke of Friuli (northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Europe", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adaloald, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Deaths", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Deaths", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Europe", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (Opitergium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Europe", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Rothari of the Lombards issues the Edictum Rothari, which is the first codification of Lombard law (written in Latin). The edict guarantees rights only for Lombard subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Europe", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Plato, exarch (imperial governor) of Ravenna, invades the southern Po Valley. The Lombards under King Rothari defeat him on the banks of the Panaro River (near Modena); 8,000 imperial troops are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Europe", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 652, "year_label": "652 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Rothari dies after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Rodoald as king of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635695#Europe", "title": "652", "revid": 1367635695, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Rodoald is murdered after a six-month reign, and is succeeded by Aripert I, who is elected as king of the Lombards. He spreads Catholicism over the Lombard realm and builds many new churches through the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Europe", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 657, "year_label": "657 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ansprand, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804374#Births", "title": "657", "revid": 1340804374, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 661, "year_label": "661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert I. They split the kingdom, and establish their capitals in Milan and Pavia (northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804600#Europe", "title": "661", "revid": 1340804600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 661, "year_label": "661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aripert I, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804600#Deaths", "title": "661", "revid": 1340804600, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 662, "year_label": "662 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Godepert, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805159#Deaths", "title": "662", "revid": 1340805159, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Battle of Forino: The Byzantine army, led by Constans II, is defeated by the Lombards under Romuald I. He seizes Taranto and Brindisi, receiving military aid from the Bulgar Alcek horde, who are settled in the area of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards, under King Grimoald I, destroy Oderzo (Northern Italy). Much of its population flees to the nearby city of Heraclea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Europe", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Grimoald I, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Deaths", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 678, "year_label": "678 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Wechtar, Lombard duke of Friuli", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352010309#Deaths", "title": "678", "revid": 1352010309, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Perctarit of the Lombards is assassinated by a conspiracy, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Cunipert, who is crowned ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Europe", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Deaths", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Coronate: The Lombards under King Cunipert defeat the army of Duke Alahis, at the River Adda (Lombardy). He executes the rebel leaders; Alahis is captured and his head and legs are cut off. The southern Lombard duchies take advantage of Cunipert's distraction, and extend their territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Europe", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alahis, king (usurper) of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Deaths", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cunipert, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Deaths", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Raginpert dies, and King Liutpert (succeeded and deposed in 700) returns to the throne of the Lombards. Raginpert's son Aripert captures Liutpert at his capital in Pavia, and will have him strangled in his bath. Aripert becomes new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Europe", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 702, "year_label": "702 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Liutpert, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807070#Deaths", "title": "702", "revid": 1340807070, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Faroald II, duke of Spoleto, attacks the Exarchate of Ravenna in Italy, after the death of his father Thrasimund I. King Aripert II of the Lombards, desiring good relations with the Byzantine Empire and papacy, refuses to assist him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Europe", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 706, "year_label": "706 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Duke Corvulus of Friuli is arrested by King Aripert II of the Lombards, and has his eyes gouged out. He is replaced by Pemmo, who begins a war against the Slavs of Carinthia (modern Austria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367660928#Europe", "title": "706", "revid": 1367660928, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aripert II, king of the Lombards (or 712)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Deaths", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ansprand, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Deaths", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February", "text": "February – King Ansprand dies, and is succeeded by his son Liutprand as ruler of the Lombards. During his reign, Liutprand becomes the greatest of the Lombard Kings. Coins and documents from his court at Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective monarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Europe", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards builds a close alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the Bavarian castles on the River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine passes in the Italian Alps (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Western_Europe", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand puts Corsica, nominally under Byzantine authority, under Lombard government, defending it from Muslim raids (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 728, "year_label": "728 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards occupies all of the Exarchate of Ravenna. He advances towards Rome along the Via Cassia, and is met at the city of Sutri by Pope Gregory II, near the borders of the Duchy of Rome. Liutprand signs the Donation of Sutri, by which parts of Latium are given to the papacy (the first extension of papal territory in Italy). This marks the historical foundation of the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808673#Europe", "title": "728", "revid": 1340808673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Duke Audelais of Benevento and his minor son Gisulf are deposed by King Liutprand of the Lombards. He is succeeded by Gregory, who becomes ruler of Benevento.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 735, "year_label": "735 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards raises his nephew Hildeprand to co-kingship, after a serious illness (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809672#Europe", "title": "735", "revid": 1340809672, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under King Liutprand sack the Exarchate of Ravenna, and threaten Rome. Pope Gregory III asks Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, to help fight the Lombards (he also requests assistance in fighting the Byzantines and the Arabs). Liutprand signs a peace accord, and pulls back his forces to Pavia. After the pope's appeal to the Franks, a relationship begins that will continue as the Frankish Kingdom gains power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Europe", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December", "text": "December – King Liutprand of the Lombards attempts to counter the growing independence of the Lombard duchies in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards meets Pope Zachary at Terni (Central Italy), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a pious Catholic and signs a 20-year peace treaty, restoring the cities of the Duchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento absorb into the Lombard Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Europe", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hildeprand, king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Deaths", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February", "text": "February – King Liutprand of the Lombards dies of natural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing the Lombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded by Hildeprand, called \"the Useless\" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Europe", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October – Hildeprand is deposed by the council of nobles, for his incompetence as ruler. He is succeeded by Ratchis (formerly duke of Friuli) as king of the Lombards, who makes peace with Pope Zachary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Europe", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but the Franks under Pepin III (\"the Short\") arrives with his sons Charles and Carloman, defeats Aistulf, and confers the Donation of Pepin, which establishes the Papal States (including the lands of Ravenna and the Pentapolis). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to the Byzantine Empire; he gives it to Pope Stephen II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Europe", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aistulf, duke of Friuli and king of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Deaths", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Pope Stephen II dies at Rome after a 5-year reign, in which he has freed the papacy from Byzantine rule. Stephen allies with Pepin III against the Lombards, and becomes the first temporal sovereign of the Papal States. He is succeeded by his brother Paul I, as the 93rd pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Religion", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Duke Liutprand of Benevento attains majority, and rebels against Lombard rule. King Desiderius defeats him, and grants his duchy to Arechis II (son of Liutprand). He marries Adelperga, daughter of Desiderius, and establishes friendly (but largely independent) relations with the Lombard Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Europe", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Church of Santa Sophia is founded by the Lombard duke Arechis II in Benevento (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Religion", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Byzantine troops invade the Papal States, in alliance with King Desiderius of the Lombards. King Pepin III (\"the Short\") intervenes, and begins negotiations between the Lombards and Pope Paul I. Desiderius promises to end the hostilities, but on condition that Pepin sends back Lombard hostages held by the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Europe", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 768, "year_label": "768 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Pope Stephen III succeeds Paul I as the 94th pope of the Catholic Church. The antipope Constantine II is overthrown at Rome, through intervention by King Desiderius of the Lombards, after a brief reign (see 767).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068964#Religion", "title": "768", "revid": 1267068964, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne signs a peace treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria, and marries the Lombard princess Desiderata (daughter of King Desiderius). He travels to the Lombard court at Pavia to conclude arrangements. Pope Stephen III opposes the marriage, and protests about a Frankish-Lombard alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Europe", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 771, "year_label": "771 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III (\"the Short\"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source) at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847758#Europe", "title": "771", "revid": 1340847758, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 772, "year_label": "772 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487792#Europe", "title": "772", "revid": 1359487792, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard, son of Charles Martel, cross the Alps with a Frankish expeditionary force at the request of Pope Adrian I. At the foot of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Europe", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardorum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself \"Prince of Benevento\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 786, "year_label": "786 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Desiderius, king of the Lombards (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848276#Deaths", "title": "786", "revid": 1340848276, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine troops led by Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius, invade southern Italy. His attempts are thwarted by the Franks, who attack territories in Benevento, obtaining notably the annexion of Chieti (Spoleto).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adalgis, king and co-regent of the Lombards", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Deaths", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 791, "year_label": "791 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars, a pagan Asian nomadic horde that has settled down in what is today Hungary, invade Friuli and Bavaria. King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army, and marches down the Danube River to ravage Avar territory. A Frankish-Lombard expeditionary force, under his son Pepin, (king of the Lombards) invades the Drava Valley and devastates Pannonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749143#Europe", "title": "791", "revid": 1364749143, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 793, "year_label": "793 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne orders a 3 kilometre long channel dug from Treuchtlingen to Weißenburg (the Rhine and Danube river basins), to improve the transportation of goods between the Rhineland and Bavaria. Charlemagne's son, Pepin of Italy, campaigns against the Lombards in Benevento (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906953#Europe", "title": "793", "revid": 1364906953, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Bernard of Italy, king of the Lombards (d. 818)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Births", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 818, "year_label": "818 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Bernard of Italy, king of the Lombards (b. 797)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941123#Deaths", "title": "818", "revid": 1340941123, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 871, "year_label": "871 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Franco-Lombard forces, aided by a Croatian fleet (of Sclaveni), led by Emperor Louis II, capture Bari, capital of the Emirate of Bari in Southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129558#Europe", "title": "871", "revid": 1341129558, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Lombard army under Adalbert II refuses to fight Otto I unless Berengar II abdicates in favor of Adalbert. Berengar refuses, and the armies retreat to their strongholds. Berengar and his family take whatever loyal soldiers remain and disperse themselves – Berengar retreats to the fortress at Montefeltro (in the Pentapolis).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pandulf I (Ironhead), a Lombard prince, annexes the Principality of Salerno into his domains. For the first time, the Lombard duchies of Benevento, Capua, Salerno and Spoleto-Camerino are united under one ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman, revolts and is supported by Norman mercenaries at Capua. He marches into Apulia to catch the Byzantine army off-guard. Melus defeats the Byzantines on the banks of the Fortore River and ravages the territory in Apulia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#Europe", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1018, "year_label": "1018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Cannae: The Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are decisively defeated by the Byzantine army, led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367470608#Europe", "title": "1018", "revid": 1367470608, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Outbreak of the plague among the German troops forces Henry II to abandon his campaign in Italy. He reimposes his suzerainty on the Lombard principalities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Europe", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Conrad II, \"the Elder\", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V (\"the Great\") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Europe", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Events › Asia › Europe"}}, {"year": 1345, "year_label": "1345 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Battle of Gamenario: The Lombards defeat the Angevins in the northwest region of present-day Italy, just southeast of Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119534#Events", "title": "1345", "revid": 1366119534, "section": "Events"}}]}