{"slug": "lombardy", "label": "Lombardy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210", "qid": "Q1210", "description": "administrative region in Northern Italy", "entries": 46, "years": 46, "span": [271, 2020], "span_label": ["271 CE", "2020 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 23}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "pavia", "label": "Pavia", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "berengar-ii-of-italy", "label": "Berengar II of Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "duchy-of-spoleto", "label": "Duchy of Spoleto", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "berengar-i-of-italy", "label": "Berengar I of Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hugh-of-italy", "label": "Hugh of Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "salerno", "label": "Salerno", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 271, "year_label": "271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pavia: The Roman army pursues the Alamanni in Lombardy. Aurelian closes the passes in the Alps and encircles the invaders near Pavia. The Alamanni are destroyed and Aurelian receives the title Germanicus Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347633744#Roman_Empire", "title": "271", "revid": 1347633744, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Majorian, having been beaten and tortured for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 522, "year_label": "522 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, is arrested on charges of having conspired against Theodoric the Great. He is imprisoned at Pavia (Lombardy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792002#Europe", "title": "522", "revid": 1340792002, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as Le Marche). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion en route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alahis, duke of Brescia, starts a civil war in Northern Italy. He besieges Cunipert on an island in Lake Como (Lombardy), who breaks out with Piedmontese troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Europe", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Coronate: The Lombards under King Cunipert defeat the army of Duke Alahis, at the River Adda (Lombardy). He executes the rebel leaders; Alahis is captured and his head and legs are cut off. The southern Lombard duchies take advantage of Cunipert's distraction, and extend their territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Europe", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Stephen II anoints Pepin's sons, Charles (later known as Charlemagne) and Carloman, consecrating them as patricians. At Quierzy he proclaims the Carolingian dynasty holy, and appeals for help against the Lombards. Finally, the Frankish nobles give their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Europe", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne defines the Papal territory (see Papal States). He codifies the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome is expanded by Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica and Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Religion", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Jewish merchants in Lombardy open the first bank (or money repository) in Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Finance", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Events › By topic › Finance"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of Emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II, and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia, and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Pope Adrian III dies after a 1½ reign near Modena (Lombardy), while en route to an Imperial Diet, summoned by Charles the Fat at Worms. He is succeeded by Stephen V, as the 110th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Religion", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 887, "year_label": "887 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – In an assembly at Pavia (Northern Italy), the lords of Lombardia elect Berengar I, a grandson of former emperor Louis the Pious (through his daughter Gisela), as king of Italy. He is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. After the deposition of Charles the Fat, the nobility chooses Ranulf II as duke (or 'king') of Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370364971#Europe", "title": "887", "revid": 1370364971, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Guy III, duke of Spoleto, defeats the Lombard king Berengar I at the Trebbia River, and is acclaimed as king of Italy at an assembly in Pavia. After confirming some privileges to the Catholic Church, he is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, by Pope Stephen V. Berengar is forced to retreat to Verona; Guy does not pursue him into Friuli, because of the (possible) wrath of King Arnulf of Carinthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Stephen V. His son Lambert is proclaimed king of Italy, at the capital of Pavia in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Europe", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy, at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army. He arrives in Pavia and reorganizes the Lombard state. Arnulf partitions the northern part of the kingdom: the western half (March of Lombardy) and the eastern half (March of Verona).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Lambert II proceeds to re-conquer Italy. Heading north, he captures western Lombardy, and decapitates count Maginulf of Milan. In the meantime, the deposed king Berengar I recovers Verona (March of Friuli) from Arnulf's candidate, count Walfred of Verona, who dies in office with \"great fidelity to the emperor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Europe", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 898, "year_label": "898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Adalbert II, margrave of Tuscany, revolts (pushed by his wife Bertha) against his cousin, Emperor Lambert II. The Tuscan army proceeds against the Lombard capital of Pavia. Lambert with his forces at Marengo defeats Adalbert at Borgo San Donnino, taking him, as a prisoner, to Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346095520#Europe", "title": "898", "revid": 1346095520, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Following Magyars raids in Lombardy, king Louis III (\"the Blind\") is called to Italy by the grandees. He takes Pavia, forcing king Berengar I to flee, and replaces him as King of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, launches an expedition to Rome to remove the Roman ruler (princeps) Alberic II and avenge his humiliation (see 932). It fails, however, as Roman civic militias repel the Lombard army. Hugh ravages the Italian countryside, before he withdraws to Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Europe", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, dispatches his son and co-ruler Lothair II with a third expedition to Rome to dislodge Alberic II. Assault after assault is repulsed by the Roman civic militia. At length, weakened by an epidemic, the Lombard nobles press on Hugh to accept a peace treaty mediated by Odo of Cluny.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Europe", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 937, "year_label": "937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Hungarian army invades Burgundy, and burns the city of Tournus. Then they go southwards to Italy, pillaging the environs of Naples, Benevento and Monte Cassino. When the Hungarians return home, they are attacked in the Apennine Mountains by Lombard forces, losing their plunder (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367668437#Europe", "title": "937", "revid": 1367668437, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King Hugh of Arles. They cross the Apennines, and sack the Lombard lands in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania. Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at Wolfenbüttel by a Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Europe", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Berengar of Ivrea invades Italy with hired Lombard troops and takes up residence in Milan. Berengar proceeds to Verona, where he is joined by forces of Count Milo and other partisans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berengar of Ivrea dispatches a Lombard army under his son Adalbert II to counter Liudolf, while he guards Pavia himself. In two battles Liudolf defeats the Lombard forces and enters Pavia, there to receive the homage of the Italian nobles and clergy on behalf of Otto I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Europe", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Berengar II invades the March of Verona, which is under control of the dukes of Bavaria, and lay siege to Count Adalbert Atto at Canossa Castle (northern Italy). Berengar sends a Lombard expeditionary force under his son Guy of Ivrea against Theobald II, duke of Spoleto. He captures Spoleto and Camerino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Europe", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June/July – Adalbert II, co-ruler and the son of King Berengar II, with the support of Duke Hugh of Tuscany, invades the Papal States under Pope John XII. With Lombard forces closing in on Rome, a papal delegation is sent to King Otto I (the Great) to appeal for assistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Europe", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Otto I proceeds to lay siege to Lake Garda, where the sons of Berengar II, Guy of Ivrea and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy), and their supporters are holed up. Finding severe resistance, Otto gives up the enterprise and returns to Pavia, the capital of Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Europe", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor, departs for a third expedition in Italy and fights in Lombardy against the partisans under Adalbert II of Ivrea. In November an imperial counter-coup in Rome takes control of Castel Sant'Angelo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Europe", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Otto I goes on a tour of the Lombard duchies of southern Italy. In Capua he grants Pandulf I (Ironhead) the vacant Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino and charges him with prosecuting the war against the Byzantine Empire. In Benevento, Otto receives the homage of Pandulf's brother and co-ruler Landulf III. In Salerno he receives also the support of Gisulf I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Europe", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) travels to Capua to meet there with ambassadors of Nikephoros II, who again reiterate their friendship, but refuse to consent to his dowry demands (see 967). Otto invades the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia with a Lombard expeditionary force. With the assistance of Benevento-Capua and naval support from Pisa, Otto attempts to take Bari by assault, but Byzantine resistance is stiff, and Otto withdraws back to Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Europe", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1011, "year_label": "1011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Lombard Revolt: Mahmoud the Fat of Bari rises up against the Lombard rebels, led by Melus, and delivers the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy. Melus is forced to flee to Salerno, and his brother-in-law Dattus escapes to Monte Cassino, but their families are taken captive, and carted off to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048875#Europe", "title": "1011", "revid": 1368048875, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1037, "year_label": "1037 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Conrad II decrees the Constitutio de Feudis which protects the rights of the valvassores (knights and burghers of the cities) in Lombardia (modern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215302#Europe", "title": "1037", "revid": 1342215302, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The consuls of Bergamo are first mentioned, indicating that the city has become an independent commune in Lombardy (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Europe", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany, dies at Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in Lombardy and Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Europe", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned \"King of Italy\" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Europe", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arnold of Brescia, an Italian priest from Lombardy, turns Rome into a republic with a government patterned on that of the Roman Republic. Arnold becomes the intellectual leader of the Commune of Rome, calling for liberties and democratic rights after the deposition of Giordano Pierleoni.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Europe", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, leads an expedition into Italy for his imperial coronation. He wants to impose his will upon the towns and cities of Lombardy, a region long accustomed to interference from Germany. Frederick encounters stiff resistance to his authority, the Lombard nobles are unwilling to acknowledge his rule and the rights to raise taxes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1158, "year_label": "1158 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Vladislav II becomes king of Bohemia. He is crowned by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, with a diadem (called by the chroniclers a diadema or circulus). Vladislaus is also invested with Upper Lusatia, and accompanies Frederick to Milan to suppress the rebellion in Lombardy (northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301998061#Europe", "title": "1158", "revid": 1301998061, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in Greece, in an attempt to resolve the rebellion of the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Henry pardons Lord Amédée Pofey (or Buffois), and reinvests with his fief, while the other nobles persist in their rebellion and keep to their castles. After receiving imperial recognition, Geoffrey I of Villehardouin becomes Henry's vassal, thereby subordinating Achaea directly to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Europe", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1231, "year_label": "1231 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 \"sergeants-at-arms\", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488978#Levant", "title": "1231", "revid": 1367488978, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Gregory IX renews the excommunication of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, while he is at his court in Padua. Frederick responds by expelling the Franciscans and Dominicans from Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Religion", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Austro-Sardinian War – By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia, and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#July–September", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Livraga derailment: A Frecciarossa high-speed train traveling from Milan to Salerno derailed in Livraga, Lombardy, Italy. Two people were killed, and 31 were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#February", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › February"}}]}