{"slug": "macedonia-region", "label": "Macedonia (region)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28region%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103251", "qid": "Q103251", "description": "geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, today forming parts of the Republics of Greece, North Macedonia and Bulgaria", "entries": 21, "years": 21, "span": [658, 1913], "span_label": ["658 CE", "1913 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thessaly", "label": "Thessaly", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pannonian-avars", "label": "Pannonian Avars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thessaloniki", "label": "Thessaloniki", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantinebulgarian-wars", "label": "Byzantine–Bulgarian wars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "philippi", "label": "Philippi", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II undertakes an expedition to the Balkan Peninsula, and defeats the Avars in Macedonia. He temporarily reasserts Byzantine rule, and resettles some of them in Anatolia to fight against the Rashidun Caliphate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kuber, brother of Asparukh of Bulgaria, defeats the Avars in Syrmia (Pannonia). He leads his followers of around 70,000 people to Macedonia (modern North Macedonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Europe", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II defeats the Bulgars of Macedonia and recaptures Thessalonica, the second most important Byzantine city in Europe. He resettles the subdued Slavs in Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are required to provide 30,000 men to the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Berzitia: The Bulgarian ruler (khagan) Telerig sends a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and then south into Thessaly, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. Staurakios restores a measure of Byzantine authority over these areas, and collects booty and tribute from the locals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzantine territory near the Struma River). The Bulgarian army campaigns along the Aegean coasts, and conquers most of Thrace and Macedonia, including the fortress city of Philippi, as recorded in the Presian Inscription.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgarians violate the peace treaty (see 815), and invade Macedonia along the River Struma. The cities of Serres and Philippi are devastated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) is forced to sign a peace treaty with Simeon I, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire. All Slavic-inhabited lands of Macedonia and southern Albania are ceded to the Bulgarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The imperial delegation arrives in Macedonia, but goes nowhere with Nikephoros II. Far from offering Byzantine Italy as dowry for Theophano, Nikephoros refuses to accept the claims of Otto I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Europe", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Normans under Duke Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës) in Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave Greece to deal with an uprising in Italy. He leaves his son Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of Larissa. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000 Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ivan Asen II becomes ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, during his reign he will add Epirus, as well as parts of Albania and Macedonia to his realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Europe", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the Byzantine Empire in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives Thrace and Macedonia. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer. Adrianople becomes the new capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#April_–_June", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1330, "year_label": "1330 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Battle of Velbazhd: The Bulgarians under Tsar Michael Shishman (who is mortally wounded) are beaten by the Serbs. Bulgaria does not lose any territory to Serbia, but is powerless to stop the Serbian advance towards the predominantly Bulgarian-populated Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350440644#January–December", "title": "1330", "revid": 1350440644, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#Date_unknown", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – The Sultan of Turkey orders 50,000 troops to the Bulgarian frontier because of unrest in Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#February", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#August", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Pavlos Melas enters Macedonia with a small unit of men during the Macedonian Struggle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#July", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: Major Ahmed Niyazi, with 200 followers (Ottoman troops and civilians), begins an open revolution by defecting from the 3rd Army Corps in Macedonia, decamping into the hill country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#July", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#August", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › August"}}]}