{"slug": "mainz", "label": "Mainz", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1720", "qid": "Q1720", "description": "capital of the federal state Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany", "entries": 37, "years": 36, "span": [-12, 1689], "span_label": ["13 BCE", "1689 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "carolingian-dynasty", "label": "Carolingian dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "saint-boniface", "label": "Saint Boniface", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cologne", "label": "Cologne", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-legion", "label": "Roman legion", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-bavaria", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "east-francia", "label": "East Francia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "louis-the-child", "label": "Louis the Child", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum in the location of the modern-day city of Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#Roman_Empire", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 15, "year_label": "15 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Germanicus launches a two-pronged attack from Vetera and Moguntiacum. On his return journey, he recaptures the aquila of Legio XIX and visits the battlefield of the Teutoburg Forest. Germanicus arranges the burial for the remains of Varus' army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 69, "year_label": "69 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "German warbands cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882081#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 69", "revid": 1367882081, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 234, "year_label": "234 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188139#Roman_Empire", "title": "234", "revid": 1371188139, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 367, "year_label": "367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556842#Roman_Empire", "title": "367", "revid": 1326556842, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 406, "year_label": "406 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz), beginning an invasion of Gaul (traditional date, this may have occurred in 405).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305888876#Roman_Empire", "title": "406", "revid": 1305888876, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 411, "year_label": "411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the defeat of Constantine III, the Burgundians and the Gallic nobility proclaim Jovinus, Gallo-Roman senator, emperor of the Western Roman Empire at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645014#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 411", "revid": 1367645014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Attila's forces invade Gaul and sack Metz. The major cities of Strasbourg, Worms, Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tournai, Cambrai, Amiens and Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Births", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelbert II of Kent sends a message to Boniface, archbishop of Mainz, requesting two well-trained goshawks for hunting. He had earlier made a gift of two falcons and a goshawk to King Æthelbald of Mercia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Britain", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 749, "year_label": "749 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelbald of Mercia calls the Synod of Gumley, at the instigation of Boniface, bishop of Mainz, and issues a charter that releases the Catholic Church from all public burdens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938976#Britain", "title": "749", "revid": 1365938976, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 751, "year_label": "751 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Pepin the Short, youngest son of Charles Martel, forces the last Merovingian king Childeric III to retire to the monastery of Saint-Bertin. He proclaims himself as king of the Franks with the support of Pope Zachary, and is crowned at Soissons by Boniface, bishop of Mainz, becoming, as Pepin III, the first Carolingian monarch of the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809785#Europe", "title": "751", "revid": 1340809785, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 786, "year_label": "786 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Lullus, archbishop of Mainz", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848276#Deaths", "title": "786", "revid": 1340848276, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon War: The Slav Obodrites, under their ruler Witzan, attack the northern Saxons in Liuni. He is killed in an ambush and succeeded by his son Drożko (Thrasco), who becomes a Carolingian dux. King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expeditionary force north from Mainz, and marches to the Elbe, where eastern Saxon rebels again surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Harald Klak accepts Christianity, and is baptized with his wife and son Godfrid at Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Religion", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Religion", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The 7-year-old Louis IV (\"the Child\") is proclaimed king of the East Frankish Kingdom at an assembly at Forchheim (Bavaria). Because of his young age, the reins of government are entirely in the hands of others – the Frankish nobles and bishops. The most influential of Louis' councillors are Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, and Solomon III, bishop of Constance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – King Louis IV (the Child), the last Carolingian ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom, dies at Frankfurt am Main after an 11-year reign. The East Frankish dukes elect Conrad I at Forchheim as the king of the East Frankish Kingdom. Charles III is elected as king of Lotharingia. Conrad is chosen through the influence of Louis' guardian and regent, Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Europe", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Deaths", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Europe", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Frederick, archbishop (elector) of Mainz", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Deaths", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Commerce", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – From his capital at Mainz in Germany, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, issues a grant of lands in Tragoess (now in Austria) to the Göss Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#April–June", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Conrad the Elder is crowned as King Conrad II of Germany in a ceremony at Mainz, and he and Conrad the Younger are invested as joint dukes of Franconia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#July–September", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho massacre at least 1,000 Jews in Mainz. Archbishop Ruthard tries to hide some of them in the cellars of Mainz Cathedral but the crusaders learn of this – and murder most of the Jews. Men, women, and children of all ages are slaughtered indiscriminately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Europe", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Diet of Pentecost: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, organises a conference in Mainz. During the diet Frederick negotiates with Henry the Lion about an anti-French alliance with England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Europe", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Siegfried III, archbishop of Mainz, conquers Wiesbaden (a free imperial city) and orders the city's destruction, during the war of Emperor Frederick II against the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Europe", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Earliest likely date for Johannes Gutenberg's development of printing with movable type at Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#Date_unknown", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Johannes Gutenberg has set up his movable type printing press, as a commercial operation in Mainz, by this date.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#Date_unknown", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Date_unknown", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Adolph II of Nassau captures the town of Mainz and ends the Mainz Diocesan Feud, then carries a massacre of more than 400 citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#October–December", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#October–December", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The Siege of Mainz (in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General Nicolas Chalon du Blé surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#July–September", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}