{"slug": "mamluk-sultanate", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282428", "qid": "Q282428", "description": "Egyptian state spanning in Hejaz and the Levant (1250–1517)", "entries": 19, "years": 18, "span": [1257, 1517], "span_label": ["1257 CE", "1517 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hangzhou", "label": "Hangzhou", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ilkhanate", "label": "Ilkhanate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tabriz", "label": "Tabriz", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "andronikos-ii-palaiologos", "label": "Andronikos II Palaiologos", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "church-of-the-holy-sepulchre", "label": "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Izz al-Din Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is murdered on orders of his wife, Shajar al-Durr. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Nur al-Din Ali, as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate (until 1259).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Levant", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Aybak, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Deaths", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – English prince the Lord Edward and King Charles I of Anjou arrive in Acre, with a fleet of 30 galleys, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Baibars. During this crusade they are unable to capture any territory and peace is quickly negotiated with the Mamluk Sultanate. Baibars consolidates his occupation in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Levant", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center; Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses; the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Lajin, Egyptian ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Deaths", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In Egypt, Al-Mustakfi I becomes the new Muslim Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, leader of Islam within the Mamluk Sultanate, upon the death of his father, the Caliph Al-Hakim I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#January–March", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#Cities_and_towns", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "By topic › Cities and towns"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Mamluk raid on Cyprus (1368): Ibrahim al-Tazi completes raid by Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate on the Kingdom of Cyprus and begins sending back captured treasure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#January–March", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Al-Salih Hajji succeeds his older brother, Al-Mansur Ali II as the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Barquq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#April–June", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in becomes the new Abbasid caliph of Cairo, spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, succeeding his father, Al-Mutawakkil I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#January–March", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#April–June", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The Adana campaign begins when the Mamluk Sultanate, based in the Middle East, begins a siege to recover the city of Adana (now in Turkey), recently captured by the Ottoman Empire. General Uzbek min Tutuh, Governor of Damascus, leads the Mamluk troops", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#January–March", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate that controls Egypt and what is now Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and parts of Syria, receives an envoy from King George II of Kakheti (now located in the Republic of Georgia) and decides to reopen the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#April–June", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – On Easter Sunday, Afonso de Albuquerque, Governor of Portuguese India, makes an unsuccessful attempt to capture the port city of Aden, on the Arabian Peninsula, from the Mamluk Sultanate, using 20 ships and 2,500 soldiers. The 1,700 Portuguese, along with 800 mercenaries from Malabar, lose at least 100 killed during the attack and retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#January–March", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk forces commanded by the sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri in the Battle of Marj Dabiq, bringing all of the Middle East. The Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, is killed while leading his troops in the battle, and Prime Minister Al-Ashraf Tuman Bay, who was left in charge in Cairo by the Sultan Qansuh, becomes the Sultan of Egypt, the last remaining part of the Mamluk Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The Ottoman–Mamluk War officially ends as the Ottoman Empire annexes the Mamluk Sultanate territories in the Middle East (the Levant), the Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz) and Egypt as provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#April–June", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}