{"slug": "mamluk", "label": "Mamluk", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947784", "qid": "Q947784", "description": "slave soldiers, mercenaries, or warriors of the Islamic world (9th-19th centuries)", "entries": 14, "years": 13, "span": [996, 1811], "span_label": ["996 CE", "1811 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "baibars", "label": "Baibars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "may", "label": "May", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "shia-islam", "label": "Shia Islam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkic-peoples", "label": "Turkic peoples", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "crusader-states", "label": "Crusader states", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ascalon", "label": "Ascalon", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Caliph Al-Aziz Billah dies at Bilbeis in Egypt after a 21-year reign in which he has expanded his Shiite caliphate at the expense of the Byzantines, using Turkish mercenaries (Mamelukes). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate (until 1021).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Africa", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – As-Salih Ayyub becomes ruler of Egypt, after deposing his half-brother Al-Adil II. Meanwhile, other members of the Ayyubid Dynasty are conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. During his reign, As-Salih begins buying large numbers of Kipchak slaves, to form an elite core in the Egyptian army, known as Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Africa", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Africa", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Deaths", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The ancient city of Ascalon is captured from the Crusader States, and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate, and the city never to be rebuilt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#Asia", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Asia"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – After a five-year revolt, Barquq deposes Hajji II as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, marking the end of the Bahri Dynasty and Qalawunid Dynasty, and the start of the Burji Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#October–December", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1405, "year_label": "1405 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, flees Cairo and names his brother Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz as the regent during his absence. Faraj returns two months later and reclaims the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337543539#July–September", "title": "1405", "revid": 1337543539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Upon the death of Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, his 14 year old son Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf temporarily becomes the new monarch, under the guardianship of the regent Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, Na'ib of Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#April–June", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) between the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptian Mamluks ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#April–June", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Sultan Abu Sa'id Qansuh of Egypt is overthrown and sent into exile. Al-Ashraf Abu al-Nasir Janbalat is crowned as the new Mamluk sultan, but reigns for less than six months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#April–June", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Battle of Ridaniya: The Ottoman army of sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk army in Egypt, commanded by king Tuman Bay II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In Egypt, Ottoman rebels revolt, killing Ali Bey, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#April–June", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Battle of Abukir: French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte defeat 20,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha at Abukir. The French suffer only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the Ottoman losses are enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war. Napoleon captures 100 Ottoman banners, 32 guns, 400 horses and three Pashas' Bunchuks (ceremonial flags issued to Pasha).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#July–September", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#January–March", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}