{"slug": "mars", "label": "Mars", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111", "qid": "Q111", "description": "fourth planet from the Solar System, tellurian and orange-red due to iron oxide", "entries": 38, "years": 30, "span": [1590, 2021], "span_label": ["1590 CE", "2021 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 38}], "related": [{"slug": "nasa", "label": "NASA", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "venus", "label": "Venus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jupiter", "label": "Jupiter", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "saturn", "label": "Saturn", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "solar-system", "label": "Solar System", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mercury-planet", "label": "Mercury (planet)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "european-space-agency", "label": "European Space Agency", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "earth", "label": "Earth", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – German astronomer Michael Maestlin becomes the first person to record an observation of the occultation of the planet Mars by the planet Venus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#October–December", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the outer moon of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#August", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, the inner moon of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#August", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur. The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are all within 15° of each other, with Venus 5° ahead of this conjunction and Jupiter 15° behind.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#December", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Prix Guzman, first and only prize ever offered for communication with extraterrestrial life, is announced in Paris. A prize of 100,000 francs is provided, except for communication with Mars, which is considered too easy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#December", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Wernher von Braun publishes the first in his series of articles titled Man Will Conquer Space Soon!, including ideas for crewed flights to Mars and the Moon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#March–April", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – U.S. spacecraft Mariner 4 flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#July–August", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 km).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#August", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – The Soviet Mars 3 lander reaches the surface of Mars, transmits for a few seconds and then goes silent. It is the first spacecraft to reach the planet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#December", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#May", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 becomes the first spacecraft to enter Mars orbit successfully.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#November", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Mariner 9 sends pictures as it orbits Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#February", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#August", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#August", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#July", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars, taking the first close-up color photographs of the planet's surface.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#September", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Observer orbiter 3 days before the spacecraft is scheduled to enter orbit around Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#August", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, may contain evidence of primitive lifeforms; further tests are inconclusive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#August", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Japan launches the probe Nozomi to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as an outer space-exploring nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#July", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – NASA permanently loses contact with the Mars Climate Orbiter during orbital insertion around Mars, resulting in the spacecraft's loss and the failure of the mission.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#September", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#February", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 60,000 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#August", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – NASA's Spirit rover lands on the surface of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#January", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is launched from Cape Canaveral, designed to explore Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#August", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2006, "year_label": "2006 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enters orbit around Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373069605#March", "title": "2006", "revid": 1373069605, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – The Phoenix spacecraft is launched toward Mars to study its north pole.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#August", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – NASA's uncrewed Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#May", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, is launched from the Kennedy Space Center. It lands on Mars on August 6, 2012.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#November", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#August", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Mars Orbiter Mission, popularly known as Mangalyaan, which was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, reached Martian orbit, making India the first Asian country to successfully reach Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#September", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#September", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – The ESA and Roscosmos launch the joint ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter on a mission to Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#March", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Mars makes its closest approach to Earth since 2003, four days after reaching opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#July", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – NASA's space probe InSight is launched. It landed on Mars on November 26 and uses a drill to conduct geological science.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#May", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – NASA's InSight probe successfully lands on the surface of Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#November", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – NASA's Mars 2020 mission (containing the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter drone) lands on Mars at Jezero Crater, after seven months of travel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#February", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The UAE's uncrewed Hope spacecraft becomes the first Arabian mission successfully to enter orbit around Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#February", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › February"}}]}