{"slug": "marseille", "label": "Marseille", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23482", "qid": "Q23482", "description": "French commune", "entries": 45, "years": 45, "span": [-599, 1977], "span_label": ["600 BCE", "1977 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "provence", "label": "Provence", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "arles", "label": "Arles", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "cicero", "label": "Cicero", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euric", "label": "Euric", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "genoa", "label": "Genoa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Western_Europe", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pytheas, Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massilia (today Marseille) (b. c. 380 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Deaths", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Roman_Republic", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Roman_Republic", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Roman_Republic", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -124, "year_label": "125 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia. And in so doing, commences the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100137#Roman_Republic", "title": "125 BC", "revid": 1266100137, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -69, "year_label": "70 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August", "text": "August – In Rome, Cicero prosecutes former governor Verres; Verres exiles himself to Marseille before the trial is over.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329933586#Roman_Republic", "title": "70 BC", "revid": 1329933586, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -51, "year_label": "52 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Milo is tried for the murder of Clodius. Despite Cicero's legal defence (Pro Milone) he is found guilty and exiled in Massilia (modern Marseille).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336454371#Roman_Republic", "title": "52 BC", "revid": 1336454371, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 (the Ides of March) – Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Maximian flees to Marseille where he is besieged and surrenders. Constantine encourages his suicide and Maximian, age 60, hangs himself. Emperor Maxentius condemns the killing of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Roman_Empire", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 414, "year_label": "414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantius III, Roman general (magister militum), begins a military campaign against the Visigoths in Gaul. He blockades the Gallic ports and besieges Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865369#Roman_Empire", "title": "414", "revid": 1346865369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John Cassian, Christian theologian, settles at a monastery in Marseille (Gaul); he organizes monastic communities after an eastern model.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric II is killed by his younger brother Euric, who succeeds him on the throne. He conquers Hispania and the harbor city of Marseille (Southern Gaul), adding them to the existing Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Europe", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 473, "year_label": "473 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Euric orders the invasion of Italy, but is defeated by Glycerius. The Visigoths withdraw to Gaul, and conquer the cities of Arles and Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747615#Europe", "title": "473", "revid": 1364747615, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseille, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caesarius becomes bishop of Arles. His episcopal see, near the mouth of the Rhone River and close to Marseille, retains its ancient importance in the social and commercial life of Gaul for forty years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Religion", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 734, "year_label": "734 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809669#Europe", "title": "734", "revid": 1340809669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Charles Martel attacks Duke Maurontus of Provence and his Muslim allies. His brother Childebrand captures Marseille, one of the largest cities still in Umayyad hands. Maurontus is forced to go into hiding in the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Europe", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1164, "year_label": "1164 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A commercial treaty grants access to Almohad-dominated ports to merchants from several European powers, including Marseille and Savona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164526#Africa", "title": "1164", "revid": 1362164526, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Europe", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April–May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 men (4–5,000 knights and 8,000 soldiers) instead of 33,500 men. Several contingents decide to make their own way to the Holy Land by different routes. A Crusader fleet, sailing from Flanders, carrying supplies for the Counts Baldwin IX and his brother Henry of Flanders, winters in Marseille, but is slowed by adverse weather. Later it sails on to the Middle East, along with other contingents from southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseille the vast majority return home to their families.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – King Louis VIII of France begins the Crusade against the Cathars (Albigensians) in southern France and against Raymond VII, count of Count of Toulouse. Over the next three months, the Crusaders capture the cities of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire and Marseille and by Avignon's surrender on September 9, Louis forces the region of Languedoc into submission, and reasserts his authority upon the autonomous municipalities of his estates. Most cities have to accept the authority of Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#April_–_June", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Louis IX departs from Aigues-Mortes and Marseilles with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under William Longespée the Younger, grandson of King Henry III, and his mistress Ida de Tosny follows close behind with 36 transport ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1318, "year_label": "1318 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – At the marketplace in the French city of Marseille, four of the most defiant members of the Fraticelli (or Spiritual Franciscans) are found guilty of heresy and burned at the stake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361981975#April_–_June", "title": "1318", "revid": 1361981975, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – The Black Death reaches the French port city of Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Pope Gregory XI and several cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church depart on a ship from the port of Marseille in France, and encounter severe storms before arriving in Genoa. He will finally arrive in Rome on January 17, 1377.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#October–December", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – The French warrior René of Savoy departs from Marseille on his flagship, Sainte Marie de Bonaventure on a four-month mission to protect the Knights Hospitaller against an attack by the Ottoman Turks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#July–September", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – The French city of Marseille is besieged by Holy Roman Empire forces commanded by the Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and lasts until September 26.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#July–September", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#October–December", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille, six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port of Marseille and travel to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded by Antoine Escalin des Aimars, known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The Comet of 1729, possibly the largest comet based on the absolute magnitude, on record, is discovered by Fr. Nicolas Sarrabat, a professor of mathematics at Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#July–September", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – In Marseille, Notre-Dame de la Garde, the city's most famous landmark, is consecrated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#June", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – The Eden Theatre in La Ciotat, a commune in France near Marseille, lays a claim to being the first cinema as brothers Auguste Lumière and Louis Lumière present their short film, L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat (\"The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station\") to 250 surprised spectators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#March", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated, during the king's state visit in Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#September–October", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Pan American Airways begins transatlantic mail service with the inaugural flight of its Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper from Port Washington, New York, to Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#May", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July", "text": "Bastille Day Gaullist demonstrations in Vichy France; 2 women are shot dead by members of the fascist French Popular Party (PPF) in Marseille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#July", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The Holocaust: Round up of Marseille begins – Over 4,000 Jews are arrested in Nazi-occupied Marseille as part of \"Action Tiger\", before being transported to extermination camps in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#January", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – WWII: Operation Dragoon – The Free French Army liberates the cities of Marseille and Nice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#August", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The arrest of four steel workers in Marseille begins a French communist riot, that also spreads to Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#November", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Murderer Hamida Djandoubi is the last person executed by guillotine in France (at Marseille) and the last legal beheading in the Western world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#September", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › September"}}]}