{"slug": "martin-luther", "label": "Martin Luther", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9554", "qid": "Q9554", "description": "German priest and theologian (1483–1546)", "entries": 35, "years": 21, "span": [1499, 1546], "span_label": ["1499 CE", "1546 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 19}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "leipzig", "label": "Leipzig", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "wittenberg", "label": "Wittenberg", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pope-leo-x", "label": "Pope Leo X", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "new-testament", "label": "New Testament", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "heidelberg", "label": "Heidelberg", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "augustinians", "label": "Augustinians", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-saxony", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lutheranism", "label": "Lutheranism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bible", "label": "Bible", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – Katharina von Bora, German nun, wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#Births", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#Date_unknown", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Martin Luther, aged 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, as a result of a close lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#July–September", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – At Erfurt, German monk Martin Luther is ordained by the suffragan bishop Johann Bonemilch as a priest of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#April–June", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#October–December", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#October–December", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#October–December", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church), and begins the Protestant Reformation. This story is possibly apocryphal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#October–December", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Martin Luther makes the first public defense of his views at a gathering of the Roman Catholic order of Augustinians, at what becomes known as the Heidelberg Disputation at a lecture hall at Heidelberg in the Electoral Palatinate in Germany. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – The Dutch priest Erasmus of Rotterdam sends the new Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther to England, delivering the Protestant manifesto to Sir Thomas More.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#January–March", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – At the request of Pope Leo X of the Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation, writes a lengthy summary of his theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority, against Johann Eck at Leipzig.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#July–September", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – The Leipzig Debate begins at the Pleissenburg lecture hall in the German city of Leipzig in Saxony, as Martin Luther defends his ideas on the Protestant Reformation against challenges by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. The debate lasts until July 15 and gains new followers to Luther's theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#April–June", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August", "text": "August – Martin Luther publishes To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#July–September", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see Canon Law), and his copy of the Papal bull Exsurge Domine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#October–December", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#April–June", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, \"Here I stand\", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#January–March", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#January–March", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Protestant reformer Martin Luther returns to Wittenberg in Germany after getting cleared to return home by his protector, Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#January–March", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Luther Bible: Martin Luther's translation of the Bible's New Testament into Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch, is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#July–September", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. July – Martin Luther's translation of the Pentateuch into German (Das allte Testament Deutsch) is published by Melchior Lotter Jr. in Wittenberg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#July–September", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – The Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of Martin Luther within the Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other Cistercian Catholic nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near Grimma and Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Protestant theologians Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt dispute at Jena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#July–September", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora. The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#April–June", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament including the deuterocanonical books to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#October–December", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Martin Luther expels theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#Date_unknown", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#Date_unknown", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Martin Luther delivers his final sermon, three days before his death about \"obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory,\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#January–March", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}