{"slug": "maya-civilization", "label": "Maya civilization", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28567", "qid": "Q28567", "description": "Mesoamerican former civilization", "entries": 48, "years": 47, "span": [-1799, 2012], "span_label": ["1800 BCE", "2012 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "palenque", "label": "Palenque", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "guatemala", "label": "Guatemala", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "mexico", "label": "Mexico", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "tikal", "label": "Tikal", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "copan", "label": "Copán", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "honduras", "label": "Honduras", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "calakmul", "label": "Calakmul", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "chiapas", "label": "Chiapas", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "el-salvador", "label": "El Salvador", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dos-pilas", "label": "Dos Pilas", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "belize", "label": "Belize", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "teotihuacan", "label": "Teotihuacan", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -1799, "year_label": "1800 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1800 BC: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC: Early traces of Maya civilization developing in Belize.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -131, "year_label": "132 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of the Maya civilization begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367185949#Mexico", "title": "132 BC", "revid": 1367185949, "section": "Events › By place › Mexico"}}, {"year": -99, "year_label": "100 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Mural room in the Maya pyramid at San Bartolo, Guatemala, painted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643460#America", "title": "100 BC", "revid": 1355643460, "section": "Events › By place › America"}}, {"year": 200, "year_label": "200 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377327#America", "title": "AD 200", "revid": 1371377327, "section": "Events › By place › America"}}, {"year": 292, "year_label": "292 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The oldest known Mayan stele is erected at the capital Tikal (modern Guatemala).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495826#Mesoamerica", "title": "292", "revid": 1367495826, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siyaj K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Mesoamerica", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 422, "year_label": "422 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741789#Births", "title": "422", "revid": 1364741789, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 426, "year_label": "426 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' becomes the founder of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization at Copán (modern Honduras).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300994457#Mesoamerica", "title": "426", "revid": 1300994457, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 437, "year_label": "437 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' dies after an 11-year reign. He is the founder and first ruler of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization centered at Copán (modern Honduras).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205048#Mesoamerica", "title": "437", "revid": 1349205048, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I, Maya ruler of Palenque (d. 524)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Births", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 501, "year_label": "501 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Maya are peaking in economic prosperity. The civilization at Teotihuacan begins to decline and its people are migrating to the greatest Mayan city, Tikal, bringing with them ideas about weaponry and new ritual practices.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790337#Central_America", "title": "501", "revid": 1340790337, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 504, "year_label": "504 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A major expansion of Copán's ceremonial center, the Acropolis complex, is undertaken by B'alam Nehn (Waterlily Jaguar), the seventh ruler (ajaw) of the southeastern Maya city (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747389#Mesoamerica", "title": "504", "revid": 1364747389, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A Mayan altar with the head of the death god is built in Copán, Honduras.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Mesoamerica", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 524, "year_label": "524 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque in what is now the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, dies after a reign of 23 years. The city enters an interregnum which lasts a little over four years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792013#Central_America", "title": "524", "revid": 1340792013, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 562, "year_label": "562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Tikal-Calakmul War: The Maya state of Caracol (Belize) defeats King Wak Chan K'awiil (Double Bird) of Tikal in battle, ending his dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749268#Mesoamerica", "title": "562", "revid": 1364749268, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 583, "year_label": "583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yohl Ikʼnal succeeds Kan Bahlam I as queen of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372793107#Mesoamerica", "title": "583", "revid": 1372793107, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – A Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at the Mayan city of Chinkultic (Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Mesoamerica", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Maya city of Palenque (southern Mexico) is plundered by King Scroll Serpent of Calakmul (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Mesoamerica", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Loma Caldera (El Salvador) erupts, burying the Maya village of Joya de Cerén (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Meso-_and_South_America", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Meso- and South America"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler (ajaw) of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). During his reign his kingdom is invaded by people from Calakmul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Mesoamerica", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Sak Kʼukʼ succeeds her father Ajen Yohl Mat, as queen of the Maya state of Palenque (modern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Mesoamerica", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Queen Sak Kʼukʼ is succeeded by her son Pacal the Great, as ruler of the Maya city state Palenque (Mexico). He begins a building program at his capital, that produces some of Maya civilization's finest art and architecture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Mesoamerica", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Maya military outpost of Dos Pilas (Guatemala) is founded, in order to control trade routes in the Petexbatún region. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is installed as its leader by his father, K'inich Muwaan Jol II, the ruler of Tikal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Americas", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Americas"}}, {"year": 678, "year_label": "678 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III, Maya ruler of Palenque", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352010309#Births", "title": "678", "revid": 1352010309, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 683, "year_label": "683 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "K'inich Janaab' Pakal (\"Pacal the Great\"), ruler (ajaw) of the Maya state of Palenque (Mexico), dies after a 68-year reign. He is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions. He is the longest-reigning monarch in the world until Louis XIV breaks that record in 1711, almost 1028 years later and remains the longest-reigning monarch in the Americas until Elizabeth II breaks that record in 2020, almost 1337 years later", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313750#Mesoamerica", "title": "683", "revid": 1367313750, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 684, "year_label": "684 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II accedes to the rulership of the Maya polity of Palenque (modern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805928#Mesoamerica", "title": "684", "revid": 1340805928, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maya civilization: Tikal Temple I, called the \"Temple of the Giant Jaguar\" (tomb of Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I), Tikal, (Guatemala), is built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Mesoamerica", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 722, "year_label": "722 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – King Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III takes the throne of the Maya city-state of Palenque (southern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808641#Mesoamerica", "title": "722", "revid": 1340808641, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 724, "year_label": "724 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat becomes king (ajaw) of the Maya city-state of Quiriguá, now in Guatemala), and serves for more than 60 years until his death in 785.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808653#By_date", "title": "724", "revid": 1340808653, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler (ajaw) of the leading Maya city state of Tikal (modern-day Guatemala), conquers rival Calakmul, within the northern Petén region of the Yucatán region (Southern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Central_America", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III, Maya ruler of Palenque", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Deaths", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 738, "year_label": "738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mayan city-state Xukpi (Copán) is defeated by a rival city-state, Quiriguá. Xukpi leader Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (\"Eighteen Rabbit\") is deposed thereafter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809691#Mesoamerica", "title": "738", "revid": 1340809691, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 or 11 - Lady Six Sky, Maya queen of Naranjo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Deaths", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 755, "year_label": "755 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Alliances and trade between Mayan city-states have begun to break down. Malnutrition is on the rise. A diminishing of the food supply creates social upheaval and war (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847491#Central_America", "title": "755", "revid": 1340847491, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Maya city of Dos Pilas (modern Guatemala) is abandoned, after the Tamarindito and Petexbatún centres revolt against their Dos Pilas overlord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Mesoamerica", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 771, "year_label": "771 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat dedicates a 65-ton stele, the largest stone known to be quarried by the Maya civilization, at his city of Quiriguá.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847758#Americas", "title": "771", "revid": 1340847758, "section": "Events › By place › Americas"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The number 0 is introduced to the city of Baghdad, which will be developed in the Middle East by Arabian mathematicians, who will base their numbers on the Indian system (long after the Maya culture developed the concept, cf. Maya numerals).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 822, "year_label": "822 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Ukit Took becomes the last ruler (ajaw) of the Mayan city-state Copán (modern Guatemala). After his death in 830, the kingdom is wiped out, most likely from an epidemic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074664#Central_America", "title": "822", "revid": 1267074664, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated by the Maya ruler Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw (also known as Lord Chac) at Uxmal (modern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Mesoamerica", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The last Long Count date is inscribed on a monument at the Mayan site of Toniná (modern-day Chiapas, Mexico), marking the end of the Classic Maya Period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Mesoamerica", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Maya city Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Mesoamerica", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#Date_unknown", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#Date_unknown", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the Maya civilization against the Spanish colonial administrators of New Spain begins in the Yucatan area of Mexico, with simultaneous attacks at Mérida, Valladolid, and Bacalar. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico, Cupul, Cochuah, Sotuta, Tases, Uaymil, Chetumal, and Chikinchel. The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#October—December", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatan, burns the sacred books of the Maya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#July–September", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The Spanish conquest of Petén, and of Yucatán, is completed with the fall of Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya Kingdom, the last independent Maya state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#January–March", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – 2012 phenomenon: End of 13th b'ak'tun in the Mayan calendar, supposed end of the world according to new age beliefs. Festivities took place to commemorate the event in the countries that were part of the Maya civilization (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), with main events at Chichén Itzá in Mexico and Tikal in Guatemala.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#December", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › December"}}]}