{"slug": "medes", "label": "Medes", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8735", "qid": "Q8735", "description": "ancient Iranian People", "entries": 26, "years": 24, "span": [-709, 637], "span_label": ["710 BCE", "637 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "parthia", "label": "Parthia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "babylonia", "label": "Babylonia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "demetrius-i-soter", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bactria", "label": "Bactria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alexander-the-great", "label": "Alexander the Great", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "susa", "label": "Susa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antiochus-iv-epiphanes", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "assyria", "label": "Assyria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -709, "year_label": "710 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 710 BC—The Medes are united.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368385620#Events_and_trends", "title": "710s BC", "revid": 1368385620, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -677, "year_label": "678 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "According to Herodotus, Ecbatana was chosen as the Medes' capital by Deioces, the first ruler of the Medes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510290#Events", "title": "678 BC", "revid": 1370510290, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -674, "year_label": "675 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Deioces dies after a 53-year reign that has established the kingdom of the Medes and its capital at Ecbatana (later Hamedan) in what will be northwest Persia. He is succeeded by his son Phraortes, who forms an anti-Assyrian alliance with the Cimmerians to subjugate the Persians and other Asian peoples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510298#Middle_East", "title": "675 BC", "revid": 1370510298, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -664, "year_label": "665 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Phraortes, king of the Median Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510234#Births", "title": "665 BC", "revid": 1370510234, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -639, "year_label": "640 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Teispes dies after a 35-year reign in which he has ruled the Elamite city of Anshan after being freed from Median supremacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510228#Middle_East", "title": "640 BC", "revid": 1370510228, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -613, "year_label": "614 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Medes and Babylonians sack Assur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510257#Events", "title": "614 BC", "revid": 1370510257, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -611, "year_label": "612 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Nineveh: An allied army of Babylonians, Medes, Scythians, and Susianians besieges and conquers Nineveh, capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Sinsharishkun, King of Assyria, is killed in the sacking.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510241#Events", "title": "612 BC", "revid": 1370510241, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -608, "year_label": "609 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Medes and the Babylonians defeat the Assyrians under Ashur-uballit II and capture Harran. Ashur-uballit II, the last king of Assyria, disappears from history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510312#Events", "title": "609 BC", "revid": 1370510312, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -551, "year_label": "552 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Hyrba is fought between the Medians and the Persians led by Cyrus the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352090880#Events", "title": "552 BC", "revid": 1352090880, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -549, "year_label": "550 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus II the Great overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Achaemenid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356470815#Events", "title": "550 BC", "revid": 1356470815, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Alexander is victorious in the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Alexander pursues the defeated Persian forces to Arbela, Darius moves his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Macedonia", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander appoints Atropates as the satrap of Media while Mithrenes is appointed by Alexander as satrap of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Before continuing his pursuit of Darius III, who has retreated into Bactria, Alexander assembles all the Persian treasure and entrusts it to Harpalus, who is to hold it at Ecbatana as chief treasurer. Parmenion is also left behind in Media to manage communications between Alexander and the rest of his rapidly growing lands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers to have failed in their duties in his absence in India, particularly those who have plundered tombs and temples. Alexander continues his policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors. Over a third of his satraps are replaced and six are put to death. Three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who died in 326 BC), are accused of extortion and are arrested, tried and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus reestablishes himself as satrap of Babylonia and asserts control over Media and Susiana (Elam).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Babylonia/Media/Susiana", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Babylonia/Media/Susiana"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of \"great king\", and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him \"the Great\", that is to say Antiochus III Megas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians. At the same time, Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "In the turmoil following the death of Antiochus IV, the governor of Media, Timarchus becomes the independent ruler of Media, opposing Lysias who is acting as regent for young king Antiochus V Eupator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius' forces", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been \"discovered\" by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#Syria", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -126, "year_label": "127 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020642#Parthia", "title": "127 BC", "revid": 1326020642, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 190, "year_label": "190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Osroes II, controlling Media, claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309564#Parthia", "title": "AD 190", "revid": 1371309564, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Siege of Ctesiphon: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas occupies the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, after a two-month siege. King Yazdegerd III flees with the imperial treasure eastward into Media. Muslim forces conquer the Persian provinces as far as Khuzestan (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Persia", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}]}