{"slug": "mediterranean", "label": "Mediterranean", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 13, "years": 13, "span": [-1205, 1968], "span_label": ["1206 BCE", "1968 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "phrygia", "label": "Phrygia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "taurus-mountains", "label": "Taurus Mountains", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "demetrius-i-soter", "label": "Demetrius I Soter", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -1205, "year_label": "1206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1206 BC: Approximate starting date of Late Bronze Age collapse, a period of migration, unrest and destruction in the eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East, and beginning of the Iron Age in the Near East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander conquers Egypt from the Persians. The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders. Alexander's conquest of Egypt completes his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar crosses the Mediterranean with an army and wins the Battle of Himera against Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Sicily", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes lands on Cyprus and besieges Menelaus, brother of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy I Soter, at Salamis. Ptolemy Soter, coming to his brother's aid, is decisively defeated in the Battle of Salamis. The battle completely destroys the naval power of Egypt and results in the capture of Cyprus by Demetrius. This gives Demetrius' father, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, control of the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Cyprus", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#Greece", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#Egypt", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egypt's victories solidify the kingdom's position as the undisputed naval power of the eastern Mediterranean; the Ptolemaic sphere of power now extends over the Cyclades to Samothrace, and the harbours and coastal towns of Cilicia Trachea, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Egypt", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Roman_Republic", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Carthage", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Roman_Republic", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -66, "year_label": "67 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The lex Gabinia gives Pompey command of the Mediterranean and its coasts for 50 miles inland for three years. He defeats the pirates in three months and pacifies Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366933711#Roman_Republic", "title": "67 BC", "revid": 1366933711, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The volcanic Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–September", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The crash of Air France Flight 1611 kills 95 people, including French Army General René Cogny, as the Caravelle jetliner plunges into the Mediterranean Sea following a fire while making its approach to Nice following its departure from the island of Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#September–October", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › September–October"}}]}