{"slug": "mexico", "label": "Mexico", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96", "qid": "Q96", "description": "country in North America", "entries": 73, "years": 70, "span": [-1899, 2023], "span_label": ["1900 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "palenque", "label": "Palenque", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "maya-civilization", "label": "Maya civilization", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "chiapas", "label": "Chiapas", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "maya-rulers", "label": "Maya rulers", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "calakmul", "label": "Calakmul", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "teotihuacan", "label": "Teotihuacan", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "guatemala", "label": "Guatemala", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "new-spain", "label": "New Spain", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "manila", "label": "Manila", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "acapulco", "label": "Acapulco", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "tikal", "label": "Tikal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "philippines", "label": "Philippines", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -1899, "year_label": "1900 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1900 BC: The Mokaya along the Pacific coast of present-day Chiapas, Mexico were preparing cacao beverages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363826027#Events", "title": "19th century BC", "revid": 1363826027, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -499, "year_label": "500 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The world population reaches 100,000,000—85,000,000 in the Eastern Hemisphere and 15,000,000 in the Western Hemisphere, primarily Mesoamerica and northern South America (Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363151372#Demographics", "title": "500 BC", "revid": 1363151372, "section": "Events › By topic › Demographics"}}, {"year": 100, "year_label": "100 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Teotihuacan, a major city at the centre of modern-day Mexico, reaches a population of around 60,000–80,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188492#Americas", "title": "AD 100", "revid": 1371188492, "section": "Events › By place › Americas"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mayan civilization reaches its most prolific period, the classic period, in what is now Guatemala, Belize and parts of southern Mexico adjacent to the former two. During most of this period, Tikal dominates the Mayan world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Mesoamerica", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 303, "year_label": "303 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "In Mexico, the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330172013#America", "title": "303", "revid": 1330172013, "section": "Events › By place › America"}}, {"year": 374, "year_label": "374 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Spearthrower Owl ascends to the throne and becomes ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884897#Mesoamerica", "title": "374", "revid": 1288884897, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 431, "year_label": "431 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Kʼukʼ Bahlam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque (the modern-day state of Chiapas in southern Mexico) comes to power and reigns until his death four years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311961439#Central_America", "title": "431", "revid": 1311961439, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – A figure known to Mayanist scholars as \"Casper\" begins a 52-year reign in the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, and reigns until his death in 487.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Central_America", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 487, "year_label": "487 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque, in what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, and reigns until his death in 501.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789359#Central_America", "title": "487", "revid": 1340789359, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Kʼan Joy Chitam I becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, ending an interregnum of a little over four years, and reigns until his death in 565.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Central_America", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 564, "year_label": "564 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tulum, Maya walled city, on the Yucatán Peninsula (modern Mexico) is first mentioned on a stele inscription.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800769#Mesoamerica", "title": "564", "revid": 1340800769, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Kʼan Joy Chitam I, ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque, in what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, dies after a reign of exactly 36 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Central_America", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Uneh Chan becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns until 611.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Central_America", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – A Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at the Mayan city of Chinkultic (Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Mesoamerica", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Maya city of Palenque (southern Mexico) is plundered by King Scroll Serpent of Calakmul (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Mesoamerica", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "600-900 - Palace and Temple of the Inscriptions (tomb-pyramid of K'inich Janaab' Pakal), Palenque, Mexico, are built. Maya culture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Arts_and_sciences", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and sciences"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "600-750 - Maguey Bloodletting Ritual, fragment of a fresco from Teotihuacan, Mexico, is made. Teotihuacan culture. It is now kept at the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Arts_and_sciences", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and sciences"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Yohl Ik'nal, female ruler of Palenque (Mexico)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Deaths", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler (ajaw) of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). During his reign his kingdom is invaded by people from Calakmul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Mesoamerica", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Cholula is founded in central Mexico (later said to be the oldest continuously occupied town in all of North America).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#America", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › America"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns until 630.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Central_America", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ, the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico dies after a reign of eight years and is succeeded by Cauac, who reigns until 636.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Central_America", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Central_America", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 683, "year_label": "683 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – The sarcophagus lid in the tomb of K'inich Janaab' Pakal (Shield 2), Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico (Maya culture) is made.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313750#Art", "title": "683", "revid": 1367313750, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 683, "year_label": "683 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "K'inich Janaab' Pakal (\"Pacal the Great\"), ruler (ajaw) of the Maya state of Palenque (Mexico), dies after a 68-year reign. He is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions. He is the longest-reigning monarch in the world until Louis XIV breaks that record in 1711, almost 1028 years later and remains the longest-reigning monarch in the Americas until Elizabeth II breaks that record in 2020, almost 1337 years later", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313750#Mesoamerica", "title": "683", "revid": 1367313750, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yaxun B'alam IV, king of Yaxchilan (Mexico) (d. 768)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Births", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler (ajaw) of the leading Maya city state of Tikal (modern-day Guatemala), conquers rival Calakmul, within the northern Petén region of the Yucatán region (Southern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Central_America", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Central America"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The city of Teotihuacan (modern Mexico) is destroyed and left in ruins, its palaces burned to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#America", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › America"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yaxun B'alam IV becomes king (ajaw) of the Maya city of Yaxchilan (modern Mexico), after a 10-year struggle for the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Mesoamerica", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 850, "year_label": "850 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in the Puuk hills region of northern Yucatán (modern Mexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other important Puuk sites, such as K'abah, Sayil, and Labna (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129147#Mesoamerica", "title": "850", "revid": 1341129147, "section": "Events › Middle East › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated by the Maya ruler Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw (also known as Lord Chac) at Uxmal (modern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Mesoamerica", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The last Long Count date is inscribed on a monument at the Mayan site of Toniná (modern-day Chiapas, Mexico), marking the end of the Classic Maya Period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Mesoamerica", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Aztecs migrate from Aztlán to the southern lands in central Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Mesoamerica", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mixtec ruler Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states, led by his brother-in law Four Wind, at Tilantongo in the Mixteca Alta region (modern Mexico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Mesoamerica", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Xicotencatl I, ruler of Tizatlan (in modern-day Mexico) (d. 1522)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Births", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Spanish conquistador Juan de Grijalva embarks from Cuba on a mission to explore and conquer Mexico, departing from Matanzas with four ships and 170 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores depart from Cuba toward the island of Cozumel in Mexico to begin a mission of conquest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#January–March", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – At Coyoacán in Mexico (at the time, the colony of New Spain) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends his third report to the Emperor Carlos V, describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew become the first persons discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico, reporting the finding of what Grijalva names Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#October–December", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Spanish colonial administrator Antonio de Mendoza is appointed as the first Viceroy of New Spain, with jurisdiction on behalf of King Carlos of Spain over a large area of what is now Mexico and the southwestern United States, from California to Louisiana, the state of Florida, most of Central America and the Caribbean, the northern parts of South America, the Philippines and Guam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#October–December", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In the territory of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, the Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#Undated", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the Maya civilization against the Spanish colonial administrators of New Spain begins in the Yucatan area of Mexico, with simultaneous attacks at Mérida, Valladolid, and Bacalar. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico, Cupul, Cochuah, Sotuta, Tases, Uaymil, Chetumal, and Chikinchel. The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#October—December", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – The discovery of silver at Guanajuato in Mexico stimulates silver rushes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#Date_unknown", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico is founded in Mexico City (Mexico), being the second officially established university in the Americas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1564, "year_label": "1564 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363117508#October–December", "title": "1564", "revid": 1363117508, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1576, "year_label": "1576 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The 1576 Cocoliztli epidemic causes millions of deaths in the territory of New Spain, in modern-day Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362635528#Date_unknown", "title": "1576", "revid": 1362635528, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Diego de Montemayor founds the city of Monterrey, Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#July–September", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "12 million pesos of silver cross the Pacific. Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from the Spanish base of Manila in the Philippines to the Ming Dynasty of China, it is known that the main port for the Mexican silver trade—Acapulco—shipped out 150,000 to 345,000 kg (4 to 9 million taels) of silver annually from this year to 1602.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#Date_unknown", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – In Mexico, on the day of the Feast of the Ascension, Juan de Oñate, dispatched by the Viceroy of New Spain to expand the Spanish colony's territory, assembles his group on the south side of the Rio Grande and formally claims all territory north of the river (near what is now the U.S. city of El Paso, Texas) as a colony of the Spanish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#April–June", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain (encompassing what is now Mexico and much of the southwestern United States) as he arrives in Mexico City to take over at the end of the term of Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#October–December", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Lord Anson captures the Philippine galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga and its treasure of 1,313,843 Spanish dollars at Manila along with a treasure of 2 1/2 million dollars, and proceeds back toward Mexico, then returns to Britain in 1744", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – In Mexico, the Embrace of Acatempan takes place between Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#January–March", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#January–March", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by American residents rebelling against Mexico at Goliad, Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#October–December", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso Claveria on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with Imperial China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring countries increased, after Mexico became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Palau as part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#January–March", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – An ammunition warehouse explosion in San Andres Chalchicomula, Mexico, kills between 1,400 and 2,280 during the Second French intervention in Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#March", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "In Mexico, the Veracruz–Mexico City railroad is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#Date_unknown", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Hundreds of people die in the flooding of Guanajuato in Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#July", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – 1933 Tampico hurricane: A hurricane destroys the town of Tampico, Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#September", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The Barroterán coal mine disaster kills 153 coal miners in Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#March", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – The 1970 FIFA World Cup in association football is inaugurated in Mexico. Tactical substitutes are first permitted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#May", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – In Acapulco, Mexico, Margaret Gardiner of South Africa is crowned Miss Universe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#July", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – U.S. drug agent Kiki Camarena is kidnapped and murdered in Mexico by drug traffickers; his body is later discovered on March 5.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#February", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in Hawaii, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#July", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated at a campaign rally in Tijuana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#March", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Japan, Mexico, Turkey and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#January", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The Mexican town of Cherán is taken over by vigilantes in response to abuses from the local drug cartel. The new government is strongly focused on crime reduction and preserving the local environment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#April", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – 2012 phenomenon: End of 13th b'ak'tun in the Mayan calendar, supposed end of the world according to new age beliefs. Festivities took place to commemorate the event in the countries that were part of the Maya civilization (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), with main events at Chichén Itzá in Mexico and Tikal in Guatemala.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#December", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – FIFA awards hosting rights for the 2026 World Cup to a joint bid from Canada, Mexico and the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#June", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – The U.S. announces that it will extend its tariffs on imported steel (25%) and aluminium (10%) to include the EU, Mexico and Canada, starting at midnight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#May", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Shootouts erupt in Culiacán, Mexico, after the arrest of El Chapo's son, Ovidio Guzmán López, on an arrest warrant for drug dealing in the United States. Eight people are killed and 56 convicts escape from prison; 7 are recaptured by October 18. Guzmán López is released in an effort to restore peace and to prevent more bloodshed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#October", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – A truck crash in Chiapas, Mexico, kills 55 migrants who were being smuggled in it from Guatemala through Mexico to its border with the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#December", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Hurricane Otis, an eastern Pacific tropical cyclone, makes landfall in Mexico near Acapulco, leaving at least 80 dead. It is the most powerful Eastern Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico, with the highest winds reaching 165 mph, surpassing Hurricane Patricia's landfall in 2015.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#October", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › October"}}]}